预期理论下一个纠正消费外部性的新视角

消费外部性的存在,不论是正外部性还是负外部性,其结果都使资源达不到帕累托最优状态。导致整个国民收入减少,从而整个社会福利也相应的减少。借助预期理论,设计一种解决消费外部性的理论机制,可以进一步细化消费外部性中正负外部纠正机制,并可以为纠正消费外部性措施的发展提供一个新的理论视角。     

消费的环境外部性及其对经济福利的影响

消费的环境外部性是指消费者的消费行为直接影响资源环境,但消费者并未因此而支付环境成本(补偿)或取得环境收益(报酬)。由于环境资源这类公共产品的市场价格没有反映其稀缺性,因此市场在优化配置环境资源方面显得无能为力,其结果使资源配置达不到帕累托最优水平,从而使整个社会的经济福利水平也相应减少。因此,政府应该不断完善环境消费政策,使消费的环境外部性内部化。     

消费的外部性分析

从科斯到庇古,人们在讨论外部性的时候,主要是关注企业--生产者的外部性,而忽略了个人--消费者的外部性.事实上,消费行为同样存在外部性.正是这种外部性以及对它的漠视才在一定程度上造成了当今的环境与资源问题.在我们倡导和发展绿色消费的时候,这种外部性已成为一种制约因素.本文拟从消费与环境资源关系的角度来分析消费的外部性.     

个人绿色消费法律问题研究

个人消费者市场是指个人或家庭为满足生活需求而购买或租用商品的市场,个人绿色消费作为一个全新的概念,实质上是可持续发展在个人消费者市场的表现。我国个人绿色消费制度缺失主要表现为法制化水平较低、法律缺失、管理体制混乱、消费税调控能力弱。因此,我们可以采取如下措施:制定《绿色消费促进法》、修改《消费者权益保护法》来推动绿色消费;改革消费税,以消费税引导绿色消费;构建绿色押金制度。     

论我国小康家庭消费模式

目前,家庭还是个人消费的基本单位,这就是说,个人消费资料主要是在家庭中进行消费的,消费是家庭经济行为的一个重要方面,家消费通常包括物质资料消费、文化教育消费、医疗保健消费、闲暇消费和家庭劳务消费等。家庭消费行为的目标,就是要在以上物质的、文化的、精神的和劳务的消费中得到最大的满足,追求效用的最大化,总之,家庭亲缘经济的目标即家庭幸福量大化,最终是通过家庭消费实现的。消费对于家庭经济行为具有决策性意义。     

农民工消费的影响因素分析

本文在对消费的分析和总结先前农民工消费研究的基础上,提出应从收入、家庭结构、个人特点三个方面考察影响农民工消费的因素。本文主要讨论了以上三个层面影响农民工消费的因素,并对部分有争论的或前瞻性的问题进行了讨论。     

个人低碳消费的促进手段及其机理研究

低碳消费是减少碳排放,应对全球环境问题的重要途径,也是低碳经济的重要环节。个人消费在消费总量上处于绝对的支配地位,因此个人低碳消费是实现社会低碳消费的关键。基于低碳消费的内涵,分析了促进个人低碳消费实现的手段主要包括低碳消费教育、经济手段和碳标签制度。并分析三种低碳促进手段对个人低碳消费促进的机理与功效,进而建立合理的个人低碳消费促进机制。     

北京市家庭消费研究

家庭消费问题一直是北京市摆脱内需不足的一大阻力,其中城乡家庭消费数量、家庭消费结构是这一问题的主要表现。严格控制房价,减少住房消费的影响;加强公共消费政策的引导,尽量消除居民畸形消费、过度消费的问题,改善消费结构;改善分配制度,提高普通居民的收入,应成为北京市当前和今后一个时期内扩大内需,推动经济持续、稳定、快速发展的政策首选。     

论高等教育消费的可持续性

从上个世纪90年代以来,我国高等教育消费已经呈现出不断上升的势头.学术界对于如何保持高等教育消费的这一势头,促进高等教育消费可持续发展的问题倍加关注.笔者拟从我国家庭或受教育者个人在接受高等教育期间缴纳学费及生活和购买学习用品等方面发生的变化这一侧面,对高等教育消费的可持续性发展问题,作一粗浅的探讨.     

浅论大学生的消费道德问题及其教育对策

大学生作为一个特殊的消费群体,存在着种种消费误区和不文明不健康的消费倾向;这是社会环境、家庭背景、学校教育和个人等几个因素综合造成的,要提高大学生的消费道德,就必须引导他们树立科学的消费观念、养成良好的消费方式和形成良好的消费风气。     

Third-Degree Price Discrimination in the Presence of Asymmetric Consumption Externalities

In this paper, we consider third-degree price discrimination in two markets in the presence of asymmetric consumption externalities; we establish that under plausible conditions, a firm reduces its price in the market with low price elasticity of demand. The firm can increase its profits by reducing the price for these consumers and enlarging the demand for other consumers, provided that positive consumption externalities exist. Moreover, we show that third-degree price discrimination enhances not only the firm’s profit but also total consumer surplus.

Rural families food intake behaviour in relation to livelihood diversification,income differences and family size

The livelihood diversification significantly contributes to the family income having effect on food varieties' consumption in rural families of different sizes. This study investigated the food intake differences among rural families considering different income levels and family sizes. Moreover, barriers faced by the rural families to increase the consumption of food varieties were also analysed. A total of 200 rural families were selected through multistage purposive and random sampling techniques in the Punjab province of Pakistan and were directly interviewed and categorized first into low and high livelihood diversified families. The food groups were derived by assigning individual food to conventional food group taxonomies, and two‐way ANOVA (4 (income groups) × 3 (family size groups) was separately conducted for low and high livelihood diversified families. The income instability, prices of food items, market distance and storage were perceived as barriers for increasing food consumption. The high livelihood diversified families significantly and regularly consumed more food items than low diversified families. The rural households both in low and high livelihood diversified family categories having low income and high family size consumed less expensive food items. The regular consumption of fruits, bakery products, and livestock and dairy items was greatly associated with high income and small family size. One of the most remarkable findings of the multivariate multiple regression model was the households belonging to the lowest income group were significantly lowering the consumption of livestock and dairy food items as the family size increased from small to large family size. The interaction effect was highly associated with per capita income because the consumption of food items increased with the rise in income irrespective of the family size. However, family size groups showed different patterns of food intakes with different income levels. Government agencies should assist rural households to diversify their income portfolios for better nutrition.     

Consumption Externalities,Production Externalities and Indeterminacy

In this paper we show that consumption externalities reduce the degree of increasing returns needed to generate indeterminacy in a two‐sector optimal growth model. In equilibrium, consumption externalities operate as if the utility function is (close to) linear. If these externalities are strong, the minimum necessary increasing returns approach zero. Therefore, this paper—in a stylized fashion—provides an example of how microbehavior, i.e. interactions at the household level, can generate aggregate instability. Consumption externalities also help to eliminate the counterfactual cyclical behavior of consumption in the two‐sector model.     

Intertemporal pricing strategies for fashion tech products with consumption externalities

With the rapid development of technology, more and more products tend to both meet customers’ functional needs and provide stylish consumption experiences at thesame time. We define them as “fashion tech” products. In practice there exist two opposite consumption externalities associated with “fashion tech” products. One, some customers are more likely to purchase the product if fewer customers can afford or have access to it to advertise their prosperity or good taste. In contrast, other customers’ utility increases with the rising number of other customers. Thus the firm needs to consider such consumption externalities in their pricing decisions in order to appropriately position products and maximize profits. In such contexts, this paper optimizes intertemporal pricing strategies for fashion tech products selling to strategic customers with two kinds of externalities. We find that a markdown strategy is always optimal. In addition, it is appropriate for the firm to use slight markdowns when both the fraction of snobs and probability of stockout are small or use sharp markdowns otherwise.     

Food consumption and political agency: on concerns and practices among Danish consumers

Increasingly ordinary individual consumers are expected to perform some kind of societal or political agency. In the debates about political consumption it is a recurrent topic to what degree consumption practices can be seen as political practices and how many consumers perform such practices. The aim of this article is to empirically qualify the demarcation of the political in individual consumer activities by integrating the concept of political agency in the definition of political consumption. On the basis of empirical results from a representative survey among food consumers in Denmark, the article suggests that by supplementing the criteria of consumers performing specific consumption activities with a criteria of consumers expressing political agency, a more precise empirical delimitation of political consumption can be achieved. Three groups of food consumers are identified: those who perform political consumption practices; those who perform politicized consumption practices; and those who vocalize the discourse of political consumerism.     

Consumption coping strategies and well-being among refugee consumers

This paper aims to provide new insight into refugee consumers' adaptation to stress with a particular emphasis on consumption coping strategies and well-being. Drawing on the appraisal-coping theory, this paper proposes a theoretical framework relating stress to coping responses and refugee well-being. Social support is also introduced in the framework as a moderator. Examining the interplays between these concepts provides a comprehensive view of how changes in consumption patterns occur and how they affect refugee well-being. Insights from this paper suggest that consumption activities could be viewed as responses of adaptation to chronic and acute stress. To adapt to new circumstances and reduce their stress, refugee consumers could engage in adaptive consumption coping or maladaptive consumption coping (i.e., compulsive and impulsive consumption), which in turn affect their psychological and physical, family, and economic well-being. The paper contends that service support moderates the relationships between stress, coping responses, and refugee well-being.     

Thou shalt not covet: Role of family religiosity in anti‐consumption

Anti‐consumption movements, as resistance or rejection of consumption, are opposed in nature to the values of materialism or the idea that possessions are essential to happiness. This article links one anti‐consumption practice, voluntary simplicity, to family religiosity by exploring whether parents' religiosity induces reduced levels of materialism in their children. Children aged 6–14 years and their parents in three secular and one religious school were surveyed, and data were analysed using structural equation modelling. Materialism was divided in four factors: money desire, shopping pleasure, possession pleasure and non‐generosity. Results show that parents with strong religious behaviours have children who exhibit less desire for money and less non‐generosity, but experience a higher shopping pleasure. The effects of parents' religious behaviours on children's materialism are both direct and partially mediated by school type (religious or secular). Religious values in the family environment may contribute to increased anti‐consumption lifestyles in following generations.     

Valuing less and guarding more: Consumption stewardship in restricted contexts

This paper advances the conceptual understanding of consumption stewardship, defined here as a moral commitment to safeguard, nurture and use consumption resources to create consumer value. We delineate consumption stewardship from related consumption variables and articulate its underlying assumptions, conceptual distinctiveness and application areas. To create new theoretical and practical insights, the paper explores how consumption stewardship unfolds when a person enters into and lives in restricted consumption. A 2-year qualitative study, which included observation, casual conversations, and interviews, was implemented. Findings illustrate the nature and trajectory of consumption stewardship across latent, vigilant, submissive and shared modes. Our conceptual development of consumption stewardship and empirical evidence of the homeless experiences makes two main contributions. First, we show how the demands of stewarding material objects operate as a powerful determinant for individual (re)valuation of various possessions. Second, we identify how consumption stewardship drives different ways of consumption for value seeking. Findings offer insights for debates in the marketplace about protecting one's possessions, policies around consumption adequacy and social services' role for addressing space-related needs of vulnerable consumers.