冯玉祥的"重农"思想和实践

冯玉祥将军对中国的农业、农村和农民问题一向十分关注。促使他重视这些问题的原因是多方面的。既有出于对广大劳动人民的同情,也有受中国传统重农以及孙中山重农思想的影响,更直接的还在于其所处的经济环境的限制以及军事生存的需要。他的重农思想比较系统,主要包括重视农业基础地位、减轻农民负担、重视农民生活、防治自然灾害、改变农业生产技术和农业经营方式、解决农民土地问题等等。冯玉祥的重农实践内容丰富,包括兴修水利、植树造林、科学种田、屯田垦荒、保护牲畜、军队支农等。     

近代中国知识分子重农思想新论

近代中国知识分子对农业地位和农商关系问题尽管认识不尽相同，有重农抑商派、工商立国派、农工商并重派等，但他们都看到了农业的极端重要性，主张把它放到一个十分重要的位置。他们重视农业有着多方面的原因，并且体现出了鲜明的特点。     

最早提出“民以食为天”的人

春秋战国以来，特另是战国中期以后，随着新兴地主阶级的兴起，封建国家的建立和小农经济的发展，出现了李悝、商鞅、荀况和韩非等重农思想家。产生这种重农思想的年代是公元前450年至前223年，这比产生在18世纪的法国重农学派要早2000多年，而且，我国先秦的重农思想还直接影响了法国重农主义的创始人魁奈和杜尔阁。     

中国抑商传统之溯源

重农抑商的思想是中国传统经济思想中的一条主线，是维系自给自足小农经济型态的重要因素。     

中国古代重农抑商思想的消极影响

重农抑商是贯穿我国封建时代的一条重要的经济原则。从战国时期的商鞅变法开始确立重农抑商，历经各个朝代，重农抑商不仅为我国封建时期经济发展奠定了坚实的基础，同时也为社会体制和政治体制的稳定做出了不可磨灭的贡献。但是，随着社会和经济的发展，到了封建社会末期，重农抑商却成为我国社会发展的绊脚石，主要表现在抑制我国经济、社会、意识形态和法治思想等方面。而这些表现在现代中国也能或多或少的看到些影子。本文以社会发展基本原理出发，探析贯穿中国古代社会的核心经济经济制度———重农抑商政策对中国社会的消极影响和阻滞作用。     

不管财力多紧张农业投入只增不减

中央农村工作会议提出,要加大农业政策和资金投入力度。不管财力多紧张,都要确保农业投入只增不减,要统筹整合涉农资金,创新农业投融资机制,健全金融支农制度。这不仅体现了党中央国务院一以贯之的重农思想,也为进一步完善强农惠农富农政策指明了方向。由于农业的特点和市场机制的属性,世界各国特别是发达国家普遍建立了支持保护制度。我国的国情农情决定了政府在促进农业发展上有着更大的责任。这些年,我国农业农村发展形势向好,财政对"三农"投入大幅     

新中国重农思想的继承、发展和创新

从古至今,农业一直是人类社会赖以生存和发展的基础。中国是一个农业大国,也是一个农民大国,农民占了全部人口的80％。新中国成立之后,我国领导人都高度重视“三农”工作,且进行了长期不懈的理论探索和实践,并对“三农”问题的重要性、解决“三农”问题的思路等作了精辟的论述。这些重要思想,对于指导我国农业和农村经济的发展,进一步做好新时期的农业和农村工作,推进小康社会建设具有重大指导意义。     

不管财力多紧张 农业投入只增不减

中央农村工作会议提出,要加大农业政策和资金投入力度。不管财力多紧张,都要确保农业投入只增不减,要统筹整合涉农资金,创新农业投融资机制,健全金融支农制度。这不仅体现了党中央国务院一以贯之的重农思想,也为进一步完善强农惠农富农政策指明了方向。由于农业的特点和市场机制的属性,世界各国特别是发达国家普遍建立了支持保护制度。我国的国情农情决定了政府在促进农业发展上有着更大的责任。这些年,我国农业农村发展形势向好,财政对"三农"投入大幅     

美国重农神话与美国农业政策（下）

重农神话与农业政策的改革 自20世纪下半期以来,美国诸多农业经济学家与农业政策研究者进一步分析了重农神话与现实之间越来越大的差距。其一,农业对于美国社会与经济的确相当重要,但是其兴衰已经不再能够决定美国经济的兴衰。比如上世纪20年代和80年代美国农业萧条并未妨碍经济整体上的繁荣．而1974—1975年,美国全国经济萧条而农业却相对繁荣,因为农业在美国国民生产总值中所占的比例目前只有2名左右：     

高度重视农村集体经济发展

近年来中央不断加大支农重农政策的实施力度,农业农村经济形势总体向好。但把它们放在国民经济大局中来审视,还需要进一步提升与发展,发展过程中许多新情况,还需要研究解决,其中包括发展集体经济问题。     

The Spanish path of agrarian change, 1950–2005: From authoritarian to export‐oriented productivism

The aim of this study is to determine whether the evolution of Spain's agrarian change, between 1950 and 2005, exhibits any features important enough to differentiate it from the common model of developed countries in Western Europe. On the one hand, the Spanish agrarian transformations share the main features of the changes in Western Europe: technological innovation, increased production and productivity, the diminishing importance of the agricultural sector, close integration with the industrial sector, and a high environmental impact. On the other hand, a series of important peculiarities can be observed in Spain's agrarian change: strong expansion of intensive livestock farming; the role of increased irrigation in explaining the transformation of agriculture; policies that offered very little support to the agricultural sector under a dictatorship that denied a voice to farmers; and the prominent role of agriculture in the economy despite its small contribution to GDP.     

韩国农业在世界农业史上的意义与展望

数年前，由于大众趋于照搬西方农业的发展模式，忽视了传统和环境方面的因素，韩国的农业因而陷入了困境。随着2004年稻米市场的开放，这个国家的农业危机将更加严重。韩国农业拥有长达七千多年的历史，它不仅影响了这个国家的经济发展和社会变迁，而且也影响着人民的物质生活和文化生活。韩国传统农业为人们提供了食物、健康和与环境友好相处的生活方式。农业的全球化虽然意义重大，但是各地区的自然条件和发展阶段的差异性不容忽视，韩国传统的与环境友好相处的农业发展道路理应得到充分的尊重、保留和延续；否则，人民的健康和国家的繁荣将受到威胁。     

汉代苏北农业探析

本文按照古代农业自身发展的规律，从自然条件、社会环境、生产力水平、耕作技术、农作物品种和产量等方面对汉代苏北农业进行探讨。从农业与天、地、人三者之间的关系纵向比较看，汉代是古代苏北农业发展的辉煌时期。     

Land Reform, Rural Social Relations and the Peasantry

A new book, Promised Land: Competing Visions of Agrarian Reform , edited by Peter Rosset, Raj Patel and Michael Courville is considered. This book, via both general analytical treatment and a series of case studies set in Latin America, Asia and Africa, offers a powerful critique of the World Bank's market-led agrarian reform (MLAR) and provides an alternative model of agrarian reform, the 'food sovereignty movement', that has been articulated by La Via Campesina. Food sovereignty requires that priority be allocated to the domestic production of food and that a right to land be given to small farmers and their families. It is a vision of agrarian reform, with an emphasis on smallholder farming and the transformative power of rural social movements, that has truly emerged 'from below'. The critique of MLAR is compelling. It is argued in this essay, however, that two crucial questions are abstracted from. The first is that of the vastly differing sets of social relations that exist (compare, say, socialist Cuba and capitalist Brazil) and their implications. It is not clear that food sovereignty can, in effect, offer a coherent political economy of an alternative global agrarianism. The second relates to the implicit assumption, found throughout the book, that the peasantry is a homogeneous, undifferentiated social group. This is manifestly not so, and what the existence of socially differentiated peasantries implies requires careful examination.     

明清以来广东的生态农业类型

明清时期广东出现了基塘农业、稻田养鱼、稻田养鸭、黄掠蚁防治柑橘害虫、植物农药防治害虫等生态农业，还延伸到近现代。本文还初步探讨了它们的现代价值。     

试论清代农业的成就

本文从土地生产率、粮食亩产量、新生产部门、生态农业、农学著作及养活的人口等方面论述了清代的农学成就，并指出其在中外农业发展史上的地位。．同时，对于清代农具和劳动生产率不高的原因，也进行了分析。     

Tobacco,contract farming,and agrarian change in Zimbabwe

The growth of smallholder tobacco production since 2000 has been one of the big stories of Zimbabwe's post–land reform experience. Yet the implications for agrarian change, and the consequences for new relations between farmers, the state, and agribusiness capital have rarely been discussed. The paper reports on work carried out in the Mvurwi area of Mazowe district in Zimbabwe with a sample of 220 A1 (smallholder) farmers and 100 former farmworkers resident in compounds on the same farms. By going beyond a focus on operational and business dimensions of contract farming, the paper concludes with reflections on the implications for understanding agrarian relations and social differentiation in those areas of Zimbabwe where tobacco growing is now significant, with lessons more broadly on the political economy of contract farming, and the integration of agribusiness capital following land reform.     

对当前湖南“三农”问题的战略思考

当今湖南农村经济的发展必须高度重视"三农"问题."三农"问题不仅制约着湖南的经济发展,而且可能引发种种矛盾,危及社会稳定,已成为全社会关注的焦点.庞大的农业人口与有限的农业资源的尖锐矛盾是湖南省"三农"问题的直接原因;而工业化道路偏差和城乡二元结构是体制原因."三农"问题导致农业低效率、农民贫困、农村不稳定等种种结果.解决的办法是进行农业战略性结构调整、大力发展民营经济、改革城乡分割体制、完善农村税费改革,以增加农民收入和为农民提供保障.     

Part-time farming in the Federal Republic of Germany

Part-time farming is playing a growing role In the agricultural sector's response to changes In the economic structures of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and other western industrialized nations. The implications and fundamental reasons behind this trend have however been largely ignored by agricultural economists. This article sets out to discuss the relative importance of part-time farming in the FRG and the reasons for Its growth. The factors affecting demand for non-agricultural employment by former full-time farmers in a situation of overall underemployment are dealt with, along with the economic implications of this trend. The effects of these new sources of income on the agrarian population are outlined and the author suggests that the growth of part-time farming is yet another indication of the integration of the agricultural sector into the industrial economy.     

In Search of Pathways out of Poverty: Mapping the Role of International Labour Migration,Agriculture and Rural Labour

The issue of rural poverty continues to shape critical academic and policy discourses in the global South. In such discourses, some scholars and policy‐makers highlight non‐agrarian pathways leading to prosperity, while others continue to emphasize the significance of land and farming for poverty reduction. However, such analyses tend not only to obscure strong linkages between agriculture, migration and rural labour, but also stay silent on how rural people interpret changes or continuities in their livelihoods. In this paper, I focus on the case of rural Nepal to unfold how some rural people, but not others, improve their livelihoods through international labour migration, farming and rural labour. This paper reveals that many poor people have experienced improved livelihoods pursuing a diverse portfolio of agricultural and non‐agricultural activities including labour migration. However, the dispossession of poor people from land and their adverse incorporation into the local and international labour markets continue to perpetuate chronic poverty.