基因专利保护法律问题探悉

基因技术的出现不仅在技术领域内倍受关注,而且对现有的知识产权制度尤其是专利制度提出新的挑战。虽然基因技术可以通过合同、商业秘密、版权、专利等法律手段进行保护,但专利手段的保护最为重要。我们在考虑对基因提供专利保护的同时也是在检验知识产权制度本身的合理性,因为是否应该对基因提供专利保护以及能否与如何保护已经触动了以专利法为支柱的知识产权大厦中的一些基本概念与根本原则,本文主要从基因的专利性、基因专利保护与道德条款以及公共政策的冲突、基因专利在技术充分公开与过宽权利要求的冲突三个方面进行展开和阐述,以为抛砖引玉之词。     

基因专利保护法律问题探悉

基因技术的出现不仅在技术领域内倍受关注,而且对现有的知识产权制度尤其是专利制度提出新的挑战.虽然基因技术可以通过合同、商业秘密、版权、专利等法律手段进行保护,但专利手段的保护最为重要.我们在考虑对基因提供专利保护的同时也是在检验知识产权制度本身的合理性,因为是否应该对基因提供专利保护以及能否与如何保护已经触动了以专利法为支柱的知识产权大厦中的一些基本概念与根本原则,本文主要从基因的专利性、基因专利保护与道德条款以及公共政策的冲突、基因专利在技术充分公开与过宽权利要求的冲突三个方面进行展开和阐述,以为抛砖引玉之词.     

我国专利制剂定价机制研究

我国药品专利保护制度在专利制剂定价机制中具有重要作用。本文首先分析了专利制剂的定价现状,深入研究其在定价方法和定价保护时间上存在的不足;分析了专利制剂定价中存在的难点与影响因素;最后提出构建我国专利制剂定价机制的框架与对策建议。     

专利战略是企业竞争力的保障

专利战略已是企业发展的重要保障,是保护自己、提高竞争力的有力支柱。本文在分析我国企业专利困境的基础上,提出应走创新型专利引进之路、建立企业间的专利联盟、完善企业的专利机构等一系列的措施,从而提高企业的核心竞争力。     

专利信息与企业技术创新能力的关系研究

党的十八大要求：实现小康社会的目标,科技进步对经济增长的贡献率大幅上升,进入创新型国家行列。作为新技术产生及商业化所必须经过的流程,技术创新需要很多保护,包括：专利的保护、著作权的保护、商标的保护等等,另外,技术创新应该与专利技术应用过程保持一致。专利信息是能够反映企业技术创新能力的重要指标,所以本文主要从企业专利信息和技术创新的关系为着眼点展开研究。     

商业秘密保护与专利保护的区别

商业秘密和专利是现代企业保护自身知识产权和竞争力的两种重要手段,本文从他们的本质出发,分析了二者在取得的方式、取得的条件、权利要求的内容、主体的排他性、保护范围和保护手段等方面的区别,企业应结合商业秘密和专利二者的优势,更好地保护其核心竞争力。     

专利质量评价模型研究——区域和产业专利分析中

新形势下,加强知识产权保护、提升知识产权运用能力是服务经济社会快速发展的一个重要方面。专利是知识产权的一个重要方面,专利在市场中运用水平亟待提升。到2020年,我国每万人专利拥有量将达到14件,专利数量将进一步提升,与此同时,要求进一步提高专利质量水平,总体提升创新水平。专利区域产业分析中对专利质量状况评价指标单一,为此,综合多个指标来综合衡量区域、产业的专利质量状况,提出一种新的专利质量评价模型。     

我国企业专利战略研究与分析

企业专利战略是指企业从发展的目的出发,利用专利制度提供的法律保护以及种种便利条件,促进科技创新,控制专利技术市场,有效地保护自己,求得长期生存和不断发展而进行的总体性谋划。企业专利战略模式主要包括进攻性专利战略、防御性专利战略、混合性专利战略。它是现代企业经营战略的重要组成部分,与企业技术创新密切相关,对企业的生存和发展起着至关重要的作用。从整体情况看,我国企业专利战略工作仍十分落后,存在着许多问题,我们应当从多个方面加以改善。技术创新是企业专利战略的重要目标,实施企业专利战略是促进企业技术创新的重要保障。面对知识经济的挑战,为促进技术创新和保持竞争优势,入世后的我国企业应当根据我国国情和自身实际积极制定和实施适合自己的专利战略。     

北京地区专利保护对高技术产业影响的实证研究

专利保护制度建立的目的就是通过保护创新产权人的利益来激励创新,通过公开信息鼓励技术扩散。北京地区的专利产出一直领先全国,专利保护力度也在不断加大。但加强专利保护对创新活动的影响尚存争议,这种影响因地区、行业的不同而不同。本文旨在通过分析专利保护与北京高技术产业技术创新活动的关系,研究专利保护对技术创新活动的影响。     

开源和专利

专利权保护已经是商业行为中不可或缺的组成部分,当开源遇到专利保护,哪个更重要？     

国外专利权保护与出口——基于中国电子信息业的实证研究

文章采用双边贸易引力模型,基于三个细分电子信息业的数据对国外专利权保护与中国出口之间的关系进行了实证研究。结果发现,总体上,国外专利权保护会通过市场扩张效应促进中国电子信息业出口,但这种积极的贸易效应主要存在于经济发达或模仿能力强的进口国,而在欠发达或模仿能力弱的进口国,专利权保护则通过市场势力效应对中国电子信息业出口产生消极影响。另外,国外专利权保护对中国电子信息业出口的贸易效应会随时间发展而趋于明显。     

Patent protection and foreign direct investment

The importance of development and use of products embodying intellectual property rights has increased dramatically. The growing share of knowledge‐intensive products in worldwide trade, together with the increase in international technological competition, has magnified the importance of patents and other forms of intellectual property. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of patent protection on inward foreign direct investment (FDI). It also examines the relative importance of other variables such as market size, trade orientation, unemployment rates, and so on. The findings are supportive of the fact that the level of patent protection is a strong determinant of investment flows. A proper understanding of this relationship will help firms and governments devise appropriate intellectual property policy to encourage the growth and expansion of FDI. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Appropriation of Innovation and Patent Behaviors of Technological Firms in the Yangtze Delta Area

In the transition from “made in China” to “invented in China,” what is the motivation of Chinese firms in applying for patents? Why do some firms bypass patents? How is patenting developing within Chinese firms? This paper attempts to answer these questions using data of Chinese firms in the Yangtze River Delta region. Results indicate that, for product innovation, obtaining the lead time for market entry is of top priority in innovation protection, followed by confidentiality and patent protection. As for process innovation, confidentiality ranks first, followed by patent protection and obtaining the lead time. There is a significant and positive relationship between prior experience of patent licensing and possibility of future patent licensing. Firms with painful patent litigation experience tend to avoid it in the future. It is also found that there are great differences in patent behaviors between Chinese enterprises and their foreign counterparts.     

How Valuable are the Patents Behind Section 337 Cases?

A US patent protects the owner of the intellectual property from imitators producing in the US and foreign imitators selling in the US market. There are two venues for filing infringement cases against international infringement of US patents, with the International Trade Commission (ITC) using Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930 or with federal district courts. Three indicators of patent value suggest that patents litigated under Section 337 are on average more valuable; however, their values tend to be more variable. The latter suggests that some firms may be using Section 337 not for protection against international infringement of US patents but for protection against imports.     

Patent Protection,Startup Takeovers,and Open Innovation

Abstract

Open innovation largely relies on startup innovators transferring their R&D to incumbent firms. Yet, such innovators are at a disadvantage when faced with incumbents holding patent portfolios, raising the question why do such Lilliputian firms choose to innovate? In view of this, we study the impact of patent protection on the innovation incentives of startup firms in a dynamic model where an incumbent faces a sequence of potential startups and the incumbent’s chance of winning an infringement lawsuit increases with the size of its patent portfolio. It is shown that open innovation–style takeover deals generate extra benefits for the incumbent via its enhanced future bargaining positions, a part of which accrues to the current startup as an increased bargaining share, justifying R&D activity that would not have taken place otherwise.     

我国自主创新能力对出口贸易的影响研究——基于专利授权量的实证

通过构建一个包括国内、国外专利授权量的分析框架,利用1993-2006年的统计数据,实证检验了国内专利授权量和国外专利授权量对我国出口贸易的不同影响。结论认为,来自国外的技术创新显著地促进了我国出口贸易的发展,而我国自主创新能力对出口贸易的影响不显著,最后提出了相关的政策建议。     

Foreign investment in North America and the pharmaceutical industry in Canada

Unique among developed countries in denying patent protection for pharmaceuticals, Canada modified her laws in 1987 and again in 1993 to meet international standards, thereby permitting her to participate in NAFTA and become a signatory of the TRIPS of the Uruguay Round. Canada's concerns for containing health costs and providing quality health care for all its citizens were important factors in her original position. It was only as a result of international pressure and an alliance between the multinational pharmaceutical firms and the university community in Canada that she offered greater patent protection. The results of these changes had an immediate effect on improving the business environments and significant investments by the multinational pharmaceutical firms have increased substantially since 1987.     

专利权保护与限制的利益平衡论——以法经济学为视角

专利权客体的特殊性决定了专利权保护的必要性和专利权保护制度的正当性.从专利权限制的法经济学分析,专利权权利限制的经济理性,在于明晰产权,遵循交易成本最低化的原则,调整专利权人和社会公众之间的权利配置关系,实现专利权人利益和社会公共利益的均衡保护,谋求社会整体效益的最大化.而专利权制度的设计目的就是平衡、协调专利权人的利益与社会公众使用和传播知识产品的社会利益.     

The impact of the institution of patent protection and enforcement on entry mode strategy: A panel data investigation of U.S. firms

The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement has engendered a harmonisation of patent laws across countries but the extent of enforcement of these laws continues to vary. This study investigates the degree to which de jure book law protection of patents and de facto enforcement of these laws influences the propensity of firms to exploit their patented technology in foreign markets with company-owned operations or unrelated concerns using licensing agreements. Analyzing data on royalty and fee receipts of U.S. parent companies from affiliates and non-affiliated parties abroad from 1998 to 2007, and using separate measures for de jure and de facto patent protection and enforcement, we find that strengthening de jure protection induces greater affiliate licensing while strengthening de facto enforcement induces non-affiliate licensing. We conclude by observing that greater account should be taken of de facto enforcement measures when investigating the role of institutions on the international activities of firms.     

基于提高专利建设成效的专利申请过程管理

专利建设是指从专利构思开始到获得专利授权的全部工作。专利申请过程是指从专利构思开始到申请文件形成的全过程。专利建设过程多快好省,授权专利屏障安全有效,体现出专利建设的成效。专利申请策略和专利申请质量对专利申请的授权风险、授权专利的保护风险有重大影响。运用专利申请的主动权,科学管理申请策略和申请过程,可以提高专利申请的授权机会,巩固专利授权,降低专利保护风险,提高专利建设的成效。