中国制造业资本存量永续盘存法估计

KLEMS项目的目的是在北美，欧洲和亚洲进行生产率的多国比较。本文讨论了KLEMS研究中估计资本存量的基本方法－永续盘存法及其经济含义。在这个研究中，根据中国的现有数据，应用永续盘存法估计了1985－1995年间，中国制造业分部门的资本存量。本文详细地分析了估计中所使用的数据，并讨论了所使用的假设与必要的数据调整，以及这些假设与数据调整所可能带来的估计中的误差。     

中国省际物质资本存量估算:1952-2000

通过回顾和比较已有研究中国资本存量的相关文献 ,考虑到中国国内生产总值历史数据的几次重大补充和调整 ,本文对各年投资流量、投资品价格指数、折旧率 重置率、基年资本存量的选择与构造以及缺失数据进行了认真的处理和研究 ,并在此基础上利用补充和调整后的分省数据 ,根据永续盘存法估计了中国大陆 3 0个省区市 1 952— 2 0 0 0年各年末的物质资本存量。     

中国工业分行业资本存量估计

基于永续盘存法对中国工业分行业的资本存量做详细的测算。对永续盘存法下的各项估算指标做详细的数据说明，通过对资本流量数据的构建．对不同年份不同行业的折旧率的构建以及基期资本存量的确定最终得出迄今为止较为全面细致的资本存量值，为相关领域的研究提供较为科学的数据支撑。     

中国省际R & D资本存量的估计：1990-2014

本文采用永续盘存法，系统地估计了中国31个省级行政单位1990—2014年各年末的R&D资本存量。在估计过程中，对部分R&D内部支出和科技人员劳务费部分缺失数据进行了处理，并对基期R&D资本存量、折旧率和R&D投入价格指数的选择进行了研究。本文与现有文献估计的R&D资本存量增长趋势基本一致，但略微低于现有文献的估计结果。笔者发现，中国R&D资本存量在1990—2014年间经历了快速增长，年均增长率为13．66%。但R&D资本存量的省际差异较大，东部地区的R&D资本存量占GDP比重显著高于中西部地区，而且还有进一步拉大的趋势。因此，中西部地区转变经济发展方式的重要路径之一在于加大R&D投入力度。     

中国文化产业分省资本存量估计研究

文化产业是国民经济新的增长点,对增强综合国力、推动社会进步具有基础性、战略性作用,而对文化产业的研究离不开文化产业资本存量的准确估计。本文通过比较现有文化产业资本存量的研究文献并吸收了部分的合理成分,基于《中国文化文物统计年鉴》,在确定了中国分省文化产业投资序列,构建了文化产业固定资产投资平减指数和估算了跨期变动的折旧率等工作基础上,采用永续盘存法(PIM)估计了中国分省1990—2011年文化产业资本存量,本文研究结论能够为文化产业相关实证研究提供更为全面和准确的数据支持。     

中国基础设施资本存量估算

基础设施是国民经济赖以发展的基础。而深入考察基础设施对于中国经济增长的影响,依赖于一套完整的全国及省际基础设施资本存量数据。为此,本文在现有研究的基础之上,对基础设施投资范围进行了界定,并对官方统计数据进行了必要的补充和调整,进而通过永续盘存法分别估算了全国层面1953—2008年以及省际层面1993—2008年各年末的基础设施资本存量。     

永续盘存法K1计算的改进

估算资本存量是对我国经济增长进行实证研究的一个重要环节,其中永续盘存法是一种应用比较广泛的方法。通过分析比较已有的研究成果,文章对基期资本存量的计算方法提出改进意见,并以1978年为基年对中国资本存量进行了重新估算。     

中国基础设施资本规模:过量还是不足

基础设施是一国经济发展的基础,基础设施发展水平往往被视为衡量地区经济发展实力和消除贫困能力的重要指标。利用超越对数生产函数构建基础设施最优规模的分析框架,利用中国1978~2008年的数据进行实证研究。使用永续盘存法估算出中国的基础设施存量作为资本数据,同时估算出人力资本存量作为劳动力数据,探究中国基础设施存量是处于不足还是过度投资的状态。研究结果表明,改革开放以来中国基础设施资本的边际产出在各年度均大于私人资本的边际产出,基础设施并没有达到其最优规模,基础设施服务的供给不足。     

中国军事资本测度——基于永续盘存法

永续盘存法是测度资本存量的常用方法,但其在军事资本中的应用还处于起步阶段。本文利用永续盘存法对我国的军事资本进行了测度。结果表明,我国军事资本总体上呈现上升趋势,但军事资本的增长速度要落后于总资本的增长速度。因此,要在考虑经济承受力的情况下,逐步增加我国的军事资本,保证我国良好的经济发展环境和国家主权不受侵犯。     

中国城市物质资本、人力资本和社会资本估算

本文将社会资本嵌入内生经济增长模型,并对1988～2008年期间中国48个重点城市物质资本、人力资本和社会资本进行了估算和比较.其中物质资本存量的估算采用永续盘存法,人力资本估算采用受教育年限法,而对于社会资本的估算则建立和采用基于永续盘存法和社会网络关系的经济学测度模型,并在模型中对工作流动对社会资本的贬值进行考虑.研究表明.处于城市化第三阶段的城市物质资本和人力资本的初始存量低于其他城市化阶段.整体上,任何城市化阶段的物质资本和人力资本均呈现增长趋势,而城市化第三阶段的社会资本初始存量却高于其他城市化阶段.但无论任何城市化阶段的城市社会资本均呈现下降趋势,处于城市化第三阶段的城市下降速度最快.     

Foreign Management,International Capital,and Income Redistribution

This paper examines the impact of foreign management as a separate input in a competitive economy open to both international trade and international movement of productive capital. Three inputs (capital, labor, management) are used to produce two final goods in a model characterized by competition, homogeneous products, and full employment. This model provides a simple starting point for the study of multinational firm activity, building on the fundamental competitive factor proportions model of production and trade. A clear distinction arises between international movements of capital and management, and international movements of the two inputs are linked. [F 11, F 23]     

ICT and Growth: The Role of Rates of Return and Capital Prices

We revisit the widely discussed contribution of investment in ICT to economic growth, focusing on differences in productivity and quality of ICT across countries and time. In a growth accounting approach, we look at the way rates of return and rates of asset price decline measure these aspects. Conducting a sensitivity analysis with data from the EU KLEMS database for the years 1990–2007, we introduce a constant rate of return and a constant rate of ICT price decline. Both alternative measurements somewhat downplay the role investment played relative to growth in multifactor productivity in the U.K. and the U.S. during 1995–2000. Moreover, we show that more than half of the ICT contribution to labor productivity growth results from changes in capital quality and composition rather than from quantity.     

Second thoughts on development accounting

The relative roles of factor inputs and productivity are estimated in explaining the level of economic development. For a large sample of countries, it is shown that international differences in factor inputs account for between two thirds and three quarters of international differences in output per worker if alternative identifying productivity assumptions and a quality-adjusted measure of human capital are employed. For a sample of OECD countries, it is found that all differences in output per worker can be attributed to differences in factor inputs, leaving no role for international productivity differences. This result supports the reasoning of a traditional neoclassical growth model.     

Technical change in U.S. industries

We use the normalized quadratic cost function, introduced by Diewert and Wales (1987), to measure and analyze the rate and biases of technical change at the sectoral level in eleven major U.S. industries — manufacturing, construction, mining, agriculture, finance, health, wholesale, transportation, education, hospitality, and utilities — using annual KLEM (capital, labor, energy, and intermediate materials) data from the World KLEMS database, over the period from 1947 to 2010. We extend the work in Feng and Serletis (2008), by taking a new approach to econometric modeling, merging the econometric approach to productivity measurement with recent state-of-the-art advances in financial econometrics. In particular, we relax the homoskedasticity assumption and instead assume that the covariance matrix of the errors of the flexible interrelated factor demand systems is time-varying. We also pay explicit attention to theoretical regularity, treating the curvature property as a maintained hypothesis, thus achieving superior modeling in the context of a parametric nonlinear factor demand system that captures certain important features of the data.     

要素生产率和要素配置作用下的中国城乡收入差距

根据城乡生产函数差异的特征事实构建了城乡收入差距模型,利用我国各省1997—2009年数据研究城乡劳动力比、固定资产比、人力资本比、农业中间品投入、工业化和第三产业规模对城乡收入差距的影响。结果显示,我国城乡要素生产率与城乡要素配置的差异对城乡收入差距具有决定性作用;城乡劳动力比的增长明显有助于缩小城乡收入差距,而城乡人力资本比、固定资本投入比、农业成本、以及相邻地区间的相关性都导致了城乡收入差距的扩大。缩小城乡差距的重要途径是加快农村劳动力的城市化、增加农村教育投入、提高农业生产率、增加农村的物质资本投入,各省缩小城乡收入差距的努力对邻近省份也会产生积极影响。     

HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION AND CONTINUOUS TRAINING: EVIDENCE FOR EU COUNTRIES

This paper links data on continuous training from the EU Labour Force Survey (LFS) to information on skill levels and earnings from the EU KLEMS growth and productivity accounts, to examine the relative magnitudes of continuous workforce training versus human capital formation through the general education system in the European Union. The measurement methodology draws from the literature on measuring intangible investments by firms and sources of growth in an accounting framework. The results suggest that in the EU15 group of countries, intangible investments in continuous training represent just under 2 percent of GDP or about 35 percent of expenditure on general education. The share of GDP accounted for by training is less than a third as large in the new member states. A growth accounting method is employed to show that failure to account for continuous training leads to an underestimate of the impact of human capital on output growth in the EU.     

中美两国制造业全要素生产率比较研究

本文报告了根据 Jorgenson 方法所做的中国与美国的制造业分行业的全要素生产率的国际比较,以及中国制造业1985—1994年间全要素生产率的增长率。比较发现,就资本生产率和全要素生产率来说,中美之间的差距相对比较小,而就劳动生产率的差距来说,中美之间的差距相当大。美国制造业劳动生产率大约是中国制造业劳动生产率的17.67倍,但是美国制造业的全要素生产率大约是中国制造业全要素生产率的5倍。而中国制造业全要素生产率在1986—1994年间的平均增长实际有0.67%的减退。     

Cost relationships and challenges in the Spanish apparel industry

In the twenty-first century, the Spanish textile and apparel industries have faced substantial challenges, resulting in declining sales and employment. This study concentrates on the apparel industry, since its economic challenges and opportunities differ from those of the textile industry. The analysis employs a transcendental logarithmic cost function to investigate the presence of scale economies and the interrelationships among inputs of domestic capital, labour and intermediate goods as well as outsourced intermediate products for the Spanish apparel industry and discusses the implications for its future competitiveness and the demand for domestic inputs. The results are consistent with diseconomies of scale or, in the case of one model, possibly constant returns to scale, indicating that some contraction of the industry due to international competition will not raise unit costs. All of the inputs except for capital and intermediate goods were found to be substitutes. An important finding is that the cross elasticity values of both labour and domestic intermediate goods with respect to the price of outsourced goods have risen over time, indicating an increased sensitivity of the quantity demanded of these home-country inputs to the price of imported intermediate goods. It follows that domestic input markets will be more substantially affected by international prices for outsourced inputs as the industry tries to maintain its competitiveness in the global environment.     

CHALLENGES FOR FRANCE IN THE EMERGING INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT: A DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

France faces substantial challenges as the economic integration of Europe and the international economy continues. This article uses a dynamic aggregate translog cost function with inputs of capital, labor, and imports to examine the likely impact of closer world economic ties on France. This technique allows one to estimate short- as well as long-run direct price elasticities of demand for the inputs and cross-price elasticities for each respective input pair. The findings of the article include that (1) the French economy is becoming more sensitive to changes in import prices and (2) all the inputs are substitutes for one another. These results suggest that continuing international economic integration will present substantial challenges to the French economy. The short-run estimates of direct and cross-price elasticities are consistent with the Le Châtelier principle, except for the cross-price elasticities between capital and labor. Some possible reasons for the latter result are discussed in the article. (JEL F14, O10, O12)     

The Spanish Textile Industry Sans ATC Quota Protection

The Spanish textile and apparel manufacturing sectors have been badly impacted by the global recession as well as the removal of quotas that were in place with the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC). This study employs a cost function to investigate the presence of scale economies and the interrelationships among inputs of domestic capital, labor, and intermediate goods as well as outsourced (imported) intermediate products for the Spanish textile industry in a global environment that has become increasingly competitive. While there is evidence of scale economies at low output levels, there is also some evidence consistent with diseconomies of scale at the highest output levels. All of the inputs appear to be substitutes for one another except for domestic capital and outsourced intermediate goods. An important finding is that the demands for both labor and domestic intermediate goods have become increasingly sensitive to the prices of outsourced inputs. The estimated coefficients of dummy variables indicate that reduced international trade restrictions have put downward pressure on unit cost for the industry in recent years. These results suggest that the Spanish textile industry and its domestic suppliers will be increasingly challenged by international competitive pressures.