中关贸易失衡的最大得益者：美国企业和消费者——兼析不同经济发展水平国家在全球化中的得益情况

今年一季度末中国外汇储备已高达8751亿美元，超过日本成为外汇储备世界第一的国家。与中国的巨额贸易盈余形成鲜明对比的是美国的贸易逆差的不断攀升，去年达到7000多亿美元，占美国GDP的6％，中美贸易的巨大反差引起了各界的关注和忧虑。在这种情况下，美国国内各种贸易保护主义的势力又开始粉墨登场，故弄玄虚，污蔑中国在对美经济关系中使用“不干净的手段”和“不公平的贸易措施”，要求中国大幅升高人民币汇率和提高人民币汇率机制的灵活性，并扬言对中国征收惩罚性关税和把中国列为汇率操纵国家，甚至相关法案都炮制出台了。     

中国内地仍继续增持美国国债 减持传言不攻自破

中国内地仍在继续增持美国国债,但只不过随着外汇储备的大幅增长,持有的美国国债在外汇储备中的占比正呈逐月小幅递减趋势。美国2005年11月资本流动报告显示,去年1月,中国内地持有美国国债规模为2235亿美元。而同期外汇储备为6236.46亿美元,持有的美国国债在外储中占比为35.84%;到11月底,持有美国国债规模达到2498亿美元,持有额比1月份增加263亿美元。但11月底中国内地外汇储备已迅速增长为7942亿美元,持有的美国国债在其中的占比也降低为31.45%。而从全年来看,该占比总体呈现出小幅降低的趋势。这验证了中国有关官员及专家在巨额外汇储备运…     

全球化背景下的中美贸易不平衡问题

中美贸易发展的现状及特点 中美建交26年来,经贸关系发展迅速.现在美国是中国第二大贸易伙伴,中国是美国的第四大贸易伙伴,美国是中国最大的出口市场,2004年按美方统计中国出口达1967亿美元,按中方统计出口达1249.5亿美元.按中方统计,中美双边贸易额从1979年的24.5亿美元增长到2004年的1696.3亿,占我国进出口贸易总额的15.3%.总的来说中美贸易表现为以下几个特点:     

“十二五”开局之年：外贸转型成为“两会”热点——记者“两会”观察

2010年中国外贸成绩斐然,当年中国进出口总额达29,727.6亿美元,外汇储备达2.8万亿美元。但庞大的贸易顺差与巨额的外汇储备不仅加大了中国国内通胀的压力、加剧了劳动力紧缺及资源和环保问题,同时也屡屡成为贸易纠纷及外界要求人民币升值的理由。     

用好外汇储备应尽快开放外汇市场

中国2万亿美元计价的外汇储备中,大约有1．2万亿美元金融资产,其中购买美国国债7600多亿美元,占美国国债总额约四分之一,持有美国“两房”（房利美与房地美）债权约3760亿美元。     

中国对美国机电产品进出口分析

中国对美国出口机电产品 2003年,中国对美国进出口贸易总额为1807.97亿美元,列加拿大、墨西哥之后,贸易总量首次超过日本,中国是美国第三大进出口贸易伙伴,从美国进口284.18亿美元,对美国出口1523.79亿美元,其中出口机电产品861.88亿美元,占总出口56.6％。     

我国外汇储备规模问题浅析

2009年3月中国外汇储备规模达到19537.41亿美元.在美元贬值的情况下,必须从中国的实际出发科学测算适度外汇储备规模,客观分析巨额外汇储备剩余对中国经济发展的负面影响,才能确定合理利用外汇储备剩余的政策边界.     

数字

3倍中国3万多亿美元的外汇储备资产年收益约1013亿美元,而外国直接投资中国的钱为1.53万亿美元,它的年收益为3060亿美元,后者是前者的3倍。20年美国最近公布的数据显示,经济衰退吞噬了美国人近20年的财富。     

我国贸易竞争力分析

改革开放以来,我国对外贸易取得了快速发展.1979年我国出口贸易总额仅为136.6亿美元,到2005年已达到7620亿美元,增长了54.8倍.同时,进口贸易也取得了长足的发展,1979年中国进口总额为156亿美元,到2005年增长到6601.2亿美元,增长了41.3倍.伴随着进出口贸易的快速增长,我国对外贸易总额也从1979年的292.6亿美元增长到2005年的14221.2亿美元,年均增长率高达24.4%.对外贸易的快速发展为我国经济增长、外汇储备积累做出了巨大贡献.     

默许增加--中国外汇储备规模探析

自从1994年汇率并轨以来,我国人民币汇率一直处于稳定的小幅升值趋势,因此,贸易顺差的增加同时反映为中央外汇储备增加.但这种情况在1998年以后发生转变.1997年,贸易顺差462亿美元,外汇储备增加348亿美元,但是同样的顺差,1998年外汇储备增加只有50亿美元,1999年贸易顺差360多亿美元,外汇储备增加才97亿美元.而1995年-1996年贸易顺差180亿-195亿美元,外汇储备增加分别为220亿美元和314亿美元,二者形成鲜明对照.其中原因就在于对人民币汇率预期的差别.1994年-1997年,人民币汇率升值,因此,企业创汇自然愿意卖给银行,而1998年-1999年,由于亚洲金融危机的影响,亚洲各国货币纷纷贬值,中国虽然承诺人民币不贬值,但无论是国内还是国外仍然有很多人和企业怀疑人民币汇率的稳定,因此,固定官方价格不能吸引企业把外汇卖给银行.2000年3月以后,无论是外界还是国内对人民币汇率贬值预期基本消失,但市场对汇率的套利仍然存在,但情况要远远好于前两年,因此外汇储备增加109亿美元.2001年,由于美国多次降低利率,结果导致美元利率远远低于人民币利率,企业和个人都更愿意使用人民币,因此,外汇储备增加较大.     

THE SOCIETY OF ARTS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. I. THE WORK OF THE FOOD COMMITTEE

The Society of Arts since its foundation in 1 754 has had a considerable interest in food. The Food Committee investigated aspects of meat, milk and fish from 1866 to 1881 and made an important contribution to the development of preservation, packaging and supply.     

美国这10年

整整相隔10年，又一次踏上美国土地。旧地重游，已没有了当初的新奇和激动，多的却是几分冷静与思考。一路上有意无意地在想同一个问题，寻觅同一个答案：美国这10年来的变化。直至抵达旧金山，导游小严问我，你10年前来过美国，觉得它现在有什么变化？我脱口而出：好像没有什么变化。他说，对!一点没有变化。他的话一下子给了我所要寻觅的答案。     

IMPACT OF THE NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT ON THE U.S. TRADE WITH MEXICO

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) took effect on January 1, 1994. The agreement is designed to reduce trade restrictions and enhance trade among Mexico, Canada, and the United States. The primary objective of this article is to examine and estimate the impact of NAFTA on the trade between Mexico and the United States. The data from 1989 to 1998 were used to estimate the overall trade as well as trade in three important products. The trade statistics were divided into two time periods: 1989-1993, before NAFTA, and 1994-1998, after NAFTA. The regression analysis and statistical t-test were employed to determine whether there were significant differences in the dollar volume of trade between the two time periods. The analysis of the data demonstrates that the trade between the United States and Mexico was significantly larger after NAFTA, which could not be attributed to other factors. However, the effects of other factors were analyzed. The success of the NAFTA model may have future policy implications in forging a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) in the near future.     

THE SOCIETY OF ARTS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY II. THE WORK OF THE FUEL ECONOMY COMMITTEE AND THE SECOND DOMESTIC ECONOMY CONGRESS

The Society of Arts in the 1870s joined in the national debate about fuel economy, and continued its interest in varied educational and environmental issues. Two aspects of these interests were the work of the Fuel Economy Committee and the Second Domestic Economy Congress.     

THE DIGITAL REVOLUTION IS OVER. LONG LIVE THE DIGITAL REVOLUTION!

Many businesses are now involved in the digital marketplace. Yet Gianvito Lanzolla and Jamie Anderson argue that the new reality of numerous companies offering overlapping digital products means that it is critical for managers to understand digital convergence and to observe the imperatives for remaining competitive.     

HOME MANAGEMENT EXPERIENCE COURSES IN THE U.S.

The formats and learning experiences employed in home management experience courses in U.S. colleges and universities have increased greatly in diversity in the past decade. Many resident courses have been terminated and replaced with nonresident courses, while others continue to be taught in non-traditional formats. The overall objective of this study is the assessment of home management experience course formats and learning activities in 1979–80. Other aspects of experience courses such as types of residences used, instructors, and majors for whom the courses are required, are also described. Current questions regarding the choice of experience course format and objectives are discussed.     

PERIODICAL USEFULNESS: THE U.S. LOGISTICS EDUCATOR PERSPECTIVE

Traditional methodologies for evaluating periodicals focus on the quality of research‐oriented, peer refereed journals. This research broadens the evaluation process to include practitioner publications and an assessment of periodical usefulness across three educational activities. More than 100 U.S. logistics educators identified and evaluated periodicals germane to the logistics discipline. The Journal of Business Logistics, Harvard Business Review, and Supply Chain Management Review achieved the highest usefulness scores based on an analysis of the survey responses.     

美国反倾销法认定价格歧视存在的不公平性

对美国反倾销法法律规定及1995-1998年的反倾销实践的考察表明,美国现行反倾销法往往没有达到其所宣称的惩罚不公平定价行为的目的.首先,商务部认定低于公平价值销售存在的方法不能有效认定价格歧视的存在,其次,即使在它确实存在时,它也未必与外国政府造成的市场扭曲相联系.     

A NOTE ON T. H. HUXLEY AND THE SOCIETY OF ARTS

T. H. Huxley's wide-ranging scientific and educational interests included support for home economics in the new 1870 school system. Part of this interest was expressed in his attendance at the first Domestic Economy Congress of the Society of Arts in 1877, itself prominent in supporting reform in housing, health and education.