Factors influencing processes of radical change in organizational belief systems

The recent development of a cognitive, interpretive approach to organizational analysis has helped to increase our understanding of organizational action. This paper discusses the relationship between organizational beliefs and organizational change. Based upon a review of empirical studies of strategic reorientations, the article presents a model of factors that influence processes which lead to changes in organizational belief systems. It is argued that radical changes in organizational belief systems are influenced by organizational results, by characteristics of the organizational environment, by intra-organizational factors, and by characteristics of the current organizational belief systems. These factors are discussed and some ways to further augment our knowledge of this phenomenon are indicated.     

The International Economic Order and Trade Architecture

Abstract

The world has lived through an accelerated globalization process over the last 15 years. Global trade relative to world GDP has grown from 39% in 1992 to 52% in 2005. At the same time, the share of world trade of OECD countries has gone down from 73% in 1992 to 64% in 2005. These shifts have led to changes in the structure of the world trade network and, in particular, how the role and influence of emerging markets on world trade have evolved. This paper is designed to elucidate some aspects of this changing trade architecture using network analysis.

Ordre économique international et architecture commerciale

Résumé Au cours des 15 dernières années, le monde a traversé une période de mondialisation accélérée. Le rapport entre le commerce mondial et le PNB du monde est passé de 39% en 1992 à 52% en 2005. Pendant la même période, la part du commerce mondial pour les pays de l'OCDE a baissé de 73% en 1992 à 64% en 2005. Ces variations ont engendré des variations dans la structure du commerce mondial, notamment dans l’évolution du rôle et de l'influence des marchés émergents sur le commerce mondial. La présente communication a pour but d’élucider certains aspects de cette architecture mondiale changeante au moyen d'une analyse des réseaux.

El orden económico internacional y la arquitectura comercial

Resumen Durante los últimos 15 años, el mundo ha atravesado un proceso acelerado de globalización. El comercio global, en relación con el PNB mundial, ha crecido de un 39% en 1992 a un 52% en 2005. Al mismo tiempo, el reparto del comercio mundial entre los países de la OECD ha descendido de un 73% en 1992 a un 64% en 2005. Estos movimientos han conducido a 20 cambios en la estructura de la red comercial mundial, y particularmente, en la forma de evolucionar de la función y la influencia de los mercados emergentes sobre el comercio mundial. Este artículo se ha destinado a aclarar ciertos aspectos de esta cambiante arquitectura comercial utilizando un análisis de redes.

     

Trade Openness and Spatial Inequality in Emerging Countries

Abstract

Emerging world countries have experienced over the last two decades a significant change in their trade patterns. Bold trade reforms have been followed by rapid rises in international trade levels. However, despite these radical changes, we know remarkably little about how changes in trade patterns are affecting the evolution of regional inequality in the developing world. This paper addresses the link between trade openness and spatial inequality across 22 emerging countries over the period between 1990 and 2006. Our findings show that changes in international trade bring about a significant rise in within-country inequality across the developing world and that this impact is greatest in the poorest countries. This result is robust to the inclusion of a number of control variables, and to changes in the specification of the sample and in the measure used to quantify the level of regional disparities. Consequently, the increase in trade exposure across the emerging world, while possibly benefiting the countries involved in the process in aggregate terms, is generating winning and losing regions.     

The Free Trade Philosophy of Sir George Paish

Sir George Paish (1867–1957) was a British economist whose unique position as a journalist, political advisor, and international traveler gave him access to significant world events and leaders. Paish wrote for and edited the financial magazine The Statist and earned recognition as an expert on British and American railways. He lectured and wrote on economics and international finance throughout his adult life and advised David Lloyd George on economic subjects between 1909–1915. Paish's written works provide insight to early 20^th-century economic affairs through the lens of his liberal, free trade philosophy. This article examines many of Paish's most relevant reflections on free trade, following the chronology of his life.     

Coming to America: work visas,international diversity,and organizational attractiveness among highly skilled Asian immigrants

Abstract

U.S. firms are increasingly seeking foreign workers to help satisfy growing demands for technical and highly skilled labor, and many immigrants continue to seek jobs in America. Despite this, few studies in the management discipline examine immigration issues as they relate to organizational attraction and recruitment. In an experimental study, we investigated the relationship between stated recruitment policies, perceived work-related expectancy, and organizational attractiveness among graduate students from Asia as potential job seekers to companies in the United States. We found a relationship between perceived work-related expectancy and either emphasizing international diversity or work visa sponsorship. However, emphasizing work visa sponsorship weakened the effect of international diversity on perceived work-related expectancy. Perceived work-related expectancy was also found to positively affect organizational attractiveness, resulting in a conditional indirect effect of international diversity statements on organizational attractiveness. Implications for organizations and directions for future research are discussed.     

网络营销在国际贸易中的应用

近年来,电子商务迅猛发展,交易额已达数万亿元,电子商务已成为跨国贸易的重要平台,网络营销作为21世纪的营销新方式势不可挡,将成为全球企业竞争的锐利武器。文章从电子商务的发展,阐述了网络营销在国际贸易中的优势、它的营销方式以及存在的问题,提出了解决方法,对指导企业应用网络进行营销,发挥跨国贸易作用有一定的指导意义。     

Trade Creation and Trade Diversion

SUMMARY

In this paper we raise questions regarding the appropriateness of the traditional gravity model for evaluating the existence of trade creation and trade diversion in the context of regional trade arrangements. We demonstrate that existing methods fail to separate multilateral and allocation effects, and are therefore unable to say anything useful about either. Further, we point out that omitted variables-perennially unobservables-further contribute to the contamination of the results. Bearing these criticisms in mind, we provide a new methodology for assessing the effect of preferential trading arrangements on the trade volumes, and hence, the welfare of member and non-member countries. We offer a test that separates these effects, and employ it in an assessment of the EC. We find that the allocation effects of the EC caused 5 of its 11 members to divert trade toward bloc members, and 2 of its members to divert trade away from the EC. We also find that the EC increased multilateral trade for both members and non-members.     

对中国服务贸易国际竞争力的分析

本文从中国服务贸易出口额在世界上的排序及占有份额、中国服务贸易进出口行业结构及贸易竞争优势指数三个方面,对中国服务贸易的国际竞争力展开了深入的分析。在此基础上,讨论了波特的国家竞争优势理论对一国提升服务贸易国际竞争力有重要的借鉴意义,并提出了发展我国服务贸易国际竞争力的对策建议。     

浅析我国在国际贸易中发展电子商务的对策

20世纪90年代以来,随着互联网的应用,电子商务应运而生,成了国际贸易的通行证,给国际贸易带来了新的运作模式。自问世以来,电子商务在全球内的蓬勃发展,对世界经济格局和贸易体制的变化产生了深远的影响,其使国际贸易产生了传统国际贸易所无可比拟的优势,是未来国际贸易的必然趋势。     

Trade,competitiveness and investment: an empirical assessment

ABSTRACT

The Eurozone crisis has exposed several weaknesses of the European Monetary Union economies. This paper aims to assess the impact on external competitiveness of an expansionary capital stock policy that could contribute to reduce the trade balance asymmetries within the EU and help European exporters to recover their competitive role in international markets. A policy action to increase capital stock accumulation through investment in selected European countries could generate a double dividend: increasing both price and nonprice competitiveness, so stimulating their competitive position as exporters, and consolidating the growth path of EU economy. The analysis employs a bilateral trade model built at INFORUM with several distinguishing characteristics: a comprehensive bilateral data set, econometric estimation of key parameters, and emphasis on sectoral details. Our findings show that a capital stock increase is effective in narrowing trade imbalances within EU. Heterogeneous effects are estimated for commodities in China and the US.     

国际贸易中电子商务带来的税收问题

本文首先分析电子商务给国际贸易带来的变化,接着说明了电子商务出现后国际贸易的变化对现行税收制度的影响,最后粗浅地探讨了我国对国际贸易中电子商务这种特殊贸易征税的对策和采取的措施。     

Fragmentation and vertical intra-industry trade in East Asia

East Asia experienced an unprecedented change in its international trade patterns in the last 10–15 years. To investigate this development, the paper decomposes machinery trade into one-way trade, vertical intra-industry trade (vertical IIT), and horizontal intra-industry trade (horizontal IIT), using finely disaggregated international trade data. Our empirical analysis confirms that the significance of vertical IIT drastically increased, while the relative importance of one-way trade dropped. In addition, our empirical results show no evidence that most vertical IIT conforms to the vertical product differentiation model. Rather, the explosive increase in vertical IIT is largely due to the expansion of back-and-forth transactions in vertically fragmented cross-border production processes. The findings show that vertical international production sharing did become an essential part of each economy in East Asia in the 1990s, particularly with the explosive increase in vertical transactions of machinery parts and components.     

Distinguishing China's processing trade in the world input-output table and quantifying its effects

ABSTRACT

Distinguishing processing trade is crucial to national input-output table-based research on China's international trade. This paper further investigates the importance of distinguishing China's processing trade in multicountry input-output table-based studies. We focus on the bias in China's bilateral trade in value added caused by China's undistinguished processing trade. We construct a product-by-product world input-output table capturing China's processing trade based on the World Input-Output Database. Empirical studies show that, if China's processing trade is undistinguished, the profile of China's bilateral trade in value added would be seriously distorted; China's bilateral net trade in value added with some economies, such as Japan, Korea and Taiwan, would be significantly underestimated, while it would be significantly overestimated for some other economies, such as the United States. Distinguishing processing trade in multicountry input-output tables is also crucial when China's bilateral trade in value added is considered.     

中荷之间的任务贸易

在经济全球化时代,随着交易成本的降低和世界性专业化分工,国际贸易特征发生变化。任务贸易理论将替代李嘉图的比较优势理论。文章试图利用任务贸易理论来解释中荷之间的贸易。荷兰是通往欧洲腹地的通道,而中国负责为荷兰进行产品的生产和组装。这些都是典型的服务外包任务。     

Trade Liberalization and Industrial Restructuring: The Role of Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions

This paper analyzes industry adjustments to trade liberalization. It introduces cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&A) as an alternative mode of industrial restructuring to firms' exit. In a two-country Cournot model, we examine the responses of domestic and foreign firms endowed with different technologies for different stages of trade openness. It is found that the less efficient firm loses market shares in its home market at the beginning of trade liberalization. Only for a more advanced level of liberalization, does it take advantage of a larger access to foreign demand. Trade liberalization may therefore harm its profits too strongly, forcing it to leave the market. However, although its incentives decrease with trade liberalization, the high-technology firm may be willing to take it over for low organizational and technological costs of firms' integration. In addition, it may buy it out even if the less efficient firm manages to stay. Then, trade liberalization affects M&A incentives depending on the technological gap. For low and high (medium) gap, there is an inverted U- (W-) shaped relation between trade costs and incentives to merge. Moreover, although technology transfer is assumed to be complete, M&A may lead to a reduction in consumers' welfare. Firms may capture some pro-competitive gains from economic openness. Lastly, an empirical analysis based on a data set of OECD members' multinationals gives some support to these theoretical predictions.     

How Globalized Really is European Trade?

Abstract

Using a new set of measures of concentration of trade, I suggest that the opening up of trade to date has been greatly exaggerated. At least judging on the basis of trade concentration, agriculture and service sectors should barely be seen as globalized at all. Contrary to other, recent studies, Europe's main economies lag behind the USA in terms of global openness, and most are behind Japan, Canada and China. The Balkans, Poland and the Czech Republic are near the bottom end of the global openness league table. Since there is a strong correlation between concentration of trade and poor economic performance, this should be of concern to those countries and to the EU.     

国际生产体系变革对传统国际贸易理论的挑战

与国际生产体系垂直非一体化相联系的贸易结构改变,即将生产过程区分为不同的阶段,并将这些阶段分布到不同的国家所形成的贸易所占的比重越来越大。这种变化对传统的国际贸易理论提出了挑战,比较优势理论成立的前提条件不复存在,比较优势理论的结论必然因此而改变。资源赋予理论关于要素价格趋于均等的结论,因国际生产体系的变革而受到了挑战。     

如何在生产贸易中合理采用标准

合理采用标准是成功参与国际化竞争的关键因素之一。文章从注重标准的先进性、遵循世界通行的标准、标准附带灵活多样的技术协议、参与国内标准的起草工作、建立有效的标准查询网络、注意产品的特定等级共6个方面论述了如何在生产贸易中合理采用标准。     

Extending Institutional Analysis through Theoretical Triangulation: Regulation and Activity-Based Costing in Portuguese Telecommunications

Abstract

This paper examines why a Portuguese telecommunications company – Marconi – adopted activity-based costing (ABC). The focus lies in new institutional sociology (NIS), particularly the institutional change model of Dillard et al. (Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, 17(4), pp. 506–542, 2004), supplemented by theoretical triangulation involving economic, labour process and actor network theories to enrich observations and extend theory. Why Marconi adopted ABC lay in a complex, interrelated chain of institutions, including the parent company, management consultants, national and European Union regulators, financial markets and consumer associations during market liberalization. ABC was a means and symbol of improved competitiveness and efficiency but its diffusion and adoption also involved mimetic, coercive and normative factors. In regulated environments external legitimacy and efficiency were intertwined and demonstrating efficiency using accounting symbols is problematic. The results confirm criticisms of early NIS research for dichotomizing economic and institutional pressures, assuming private organizations are exempt from institutional pressures and neglecting internal organizational dynamics. The Dillard et al. model accommodated many features of institutionalization but needed extension to incorporate the public interest, the role of boundary spanners across social levels and how intra-organizational factors and properties of the technology derived following translation and praxis play a part.     

Trade and Geography: Paul Krugman and the 2008 Nobel Prize for Economics

Abstract

The 2008 Nobel Prize for economics was awarded to Paul Krugman for three papers—Krugman (1979, 1980, 1991). In this paper we illustrate that, indeed, these three papers are closely connected. We present a summary of the papers using a unified framework. Central in the discussion is the so-called home market effect that was already alluded to in Krugman (1979). We evaluate his work and conclude that these three papers changed and improved the way in which economists think about trade and geography.

Commerce et Géographie: Paul Krugman et le Prix Nobel 2008 en Économie

Résumé Dans la présent communication, nous illustrons la façon dont ces trois communications sont en rapport étroit. Nous présentons un récapitulatif sur ces communications, en suivant un cadre unifié. Au c?ur même de ces discussions se trouve ce que l'on appelle l'effet du marché intérieur, déjà évoqué dans Krugman (1979). Nous évaluons cet ouvrage, en concluant que ces communications ont changé et optimisé la façon dont les économistes conçoivent le commerce et la géographie.

Comercio y Geografía: Paul Krugman y el Premio Nobel 2008 en Economía

Résumén En este documento ilustramos que, de hecho, estos tres ensayos están estrechamente relacionados. Presentamos un resumen de los ensayos utilizando un marco unificado. Un factor fundamental del debate es el denominado efecto del mercado nacional, al que ya se había hecho alusión en Krugman (1979). Evaluamos este trabajo y concluimos que estos tres ensayos cambiaron y mejoraron la forma de pensar de los economistas sobre el comercio y la geografía.