希腊主权债务危机的成因与影响

日益严重的希腊主权债务危机将希腊推向了欧元区主权债务问题的风口浪尖,由此也形成了影响欧元区稳定运行的严峻挑战。该文基于国际金融危机对希腊经济与财政运行状况的影响,分析了引起希腊主权债务危机的成因及解决途径,指出解决希腊主权债务危机除了希腊自身的努力外,依然需要国际社会尤其是欧盟的援助。从全球的角度看,其他经济体的主权债务问题也同样值得警惕和重视。     

观点

IMF主席：希腊债务危机不大可能蔓延 国际货币基金组织（IHF）主席多米尼克·斯特劳斯·卡恩3月8日称,希腊的主权债务危机不大可能蔓延至欧元区其他公共债务水平较高的国家。他表示：“希腊确实存在问题,但到目前为止,西班牙还不存在问题。欧元区必须解决希腊的问题,现在各国也正在这样做。谁也不知道明天醒来时会发生什么,但主权债务危机蔓延至葡萄牙或西班牙的理由并不存在。     

欧元区为何“生病”

近来希腊出现资不抵债的困境引爆了欧元危机。希腊债务问题有它自身财政管理不善的原因,但同样的情况在欧元区的其他国家中也或多或少地存在。从某种意义上说．主权债务问题已成为欧元区国家当前的通病。     

2011年国际金融十件大事

1.欧洲主权债务危机持续发酵2011年3月份,希腊、西班牙、葡萄牙、爱尔兰等国的主权评级连遭降级,导致融资形势再度紧张,葡萄牙成为继希腊、爱尔兰之后第三个向欧盟申请救助的欧元区国家。之后,欧元区主权债务     

欧元区主权债务危机的原因与启示

欧元区国家(包括希腊、葡萄牙、爱尔兰、意大利和西班牙)接连出现主权债务问题,并引发了人们对于欧元前景的担忧。欧元区主权债务危机的发生,既有希腊等欧元区弱国本身的原因,更反映出欧盟国家一体化进程中普遍存在的一系列长期性、结构性和制度性经济社会问题。因此,这次欧元区债务危机的发生,对于进一步推进区域货币一体化进程的重要启示在于:加强成员国之间宏观政策的协调、积极完善各项制度建设并保证其执行力、探讨建立区域稳定机制。     

农产品期货难“开怀”

欧债危机尚未结束 2009年12月,全球三大评级公司相继下调希腊主权评级,拉开欧债危机序幕。随着希腊、爱尔兰、葡萄牙主权债务危机的升温。债务危机开始从欧元区外围国家向核心国家蔓延,意大利和西班牙也成为倒掉的“多米诺骨牌”之一。     

需要欧洲联合主权债券

近期,希腊主权债务形势恶化,使欧洲主权债务危机再度成为焦点.对如何解决希腊主权债务危机,谈论较多的办法是要么让希腊退出欧元 区,要么对希腊的主权债务进行重组. 如果希腊退出欧元区,将遭遇国内高通胀以及欧元区瓦解的风险.对希腊 债务进行重组将构成违约,可能会酿成更大的全球性危机.缓解欧债危机的正确方向,应该是发行统一的欧...     

欧元债券：知易而行难

尽管欧盟和欧元区国家的领导人挖空心思地想出各种办法试图阻抗和缓解主权债务危机,但这一金融病魔依然死死缠绕和折磨着欧洲经济肌体。时至今日,不仅希腊等欧元区外围国家险象环生,而且诸如意大利等欧元区核心成员国也是警报不断。     

欧元区将何去何从

希腊注定是欧元区中“木桶定律”中那块最短的木板.从2009年的希腊主权债务危机,到债务危机加重,再到2014年开始的希腊退出欧元区危机,这个国家始终处于多事之秋.如果希腊真的退出了欧元区,那么就有可能出现“羊群效应”,发生其他欧元区国家紧随其后退出欧元区的情况,欧元区的未来走向扑朔迷离.     

欧洲主权债务危机的成因分析

在2008年金融危机的背景下,希腊等欧元区国家相继爆发了主权债务危机,欧洲乃至全球的经济受到了严重的影响,因此欧洲主权债务危机问题引起了广泛关注。本文结合前人已有的研究,从危机发生国的内部过度举债、产业结构不合理和欧元区制度不合理与外部2008年全球金融危机的冲击和国际评级机构的推泼助澜两个角度来分析造成欧洲主权债务危机的原因。     

欧洲主权债务危机演进及对中资银行的启示

受全球金融危机的持续影响和欧元区制度问题的激化,欧洲主权债务危机呈愈演愈烈之势,逐步从边缘国家扩散至核心国家,并从主权债务危机向银行业危机演化。目前,欧元区重债国采取的财务整顿政策难以在短期发挥缩减赤字的作用,反而加大复苏风险;对重债国援助资金总量有限,其发放门槛徒增短期违约风险;欧洲央行购买国债虽有利于缓解危机恶化,但量化宽松的政策与其控制通胀的设立宗旨存在矛盾。在此背景下,中资银行应调整涉欧资产配置,进一步加强国别风险研究和管理,积极稳健地推进国际化经营,打造资产、业务和经营地域多元化的国际化银行。     

Domestic Banks As Lightning Rods? Home Bias and Information during the Eurozone Crisis

European banks have been criticized for holding excessive domestic government debt during the recent Eurozone crisis, which may have intensified the diabolic loop between sovereign and bank credit risks. By using a novel bank-level data set covering the entire timeline of the Eurozone crisis, I first reconfirm that the crisis led to the reallocation of sovereign debt from foreign to domestic banks. In contrast to the recent literature focusing only on sovereign debt, I show that the banks' private-sector exposures were (at least) equally affected by the rise in home bias. Consistent with this pattern, I propose a new debt reallocation channel based on informational frictions and show that the informationally closer foreign banks increase their relative exposures when the sovereign risk rises. The effect of informational closeness is economically meaningful and robust to the use of different information measures and controls for alternative channels of sovereign debt reallocation.     

欧元区国债强制引入集体行动条款的可能影响及启示

自2013年1月1日起,欧元区各国新发行且期限超过一年的国债,必须引入集体行动条款（CACs）。文章介绍分析了欧元区国债引入CACs条款的历程、CACs条款主要内容,多角度分析了其相关影响。文章指出,此次欧元区国债强制引入CACs条款,开启了发达国家大规模引入该条款先例,对债券市场特别是欧元区国债投融资可能产生重要影响,如未来出现重组,欧央行及成员国央行均可能出现损失。     

What is the risk of European sovereign debt defaults? Fiscal space,CDS spreads and market pricing of risk

We estimate the pricing of sovereign risk for fifty countries based on fiscal space (debt/tax; deficits/tax) and other economic fundamentals over 2005–10. We focus in particular on five countries in the South-West Eurozone Periphery, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain. Dynamic panel estimates show that fiscal space and other macroeconomic factors are statistically and economically important determinants of sovereign risk. However, risk-pricing of the Eurozone Periphery countries is not predicted accurately either in-sample or out-of-sample: unpredicted high spreads are evident during global crisis period, especially in 2010 when the sovereign debt crisis swept over the periphery area. We match the periphery group with five middle income countries outside Europe that were closest in terms of fiscal space during the European fiscal crisis. Eurozone Periphery default risk is priced much higher than the matched countries in 2010, even allowing for differences in fundamentals. One interpretation is that these economies switched to a “pessimistic” self-fulfilling expectational equilibrium. An alternative interpretation is that the market prices not on current but future fundamentals, expecting adjustment challenges in the Eurozone periphery to be more difficult for than the matched group of middle-income countries because of exchange rate and monetary constraints.     

Economic policy uncertainty and risk spillovers in the Eurozone

This paper focuses on the impact of economic policy uncertainty on risk spillovers within the Eurozone and contributes to these two growing literatures. To this end, we adapt the two-step procedure developed by Adrian and Brunnermeier (forthcoming) in the framework of financial systemic risk to the sovereign bond market. Accordingly, we attempt (i) to measure the extent to which distress affecting one given country's sovereign spreads can affect the Eurozone's bond market as a whole and then (ii) to identify the determinants of risk spillovers by estimating a panel data model with macroeconomic state variables and economic policy uncertainty (EPU) indices introduced by Baker et al. (2013) as regressors. EPU indices considered concern the four largest Eurozone countries, i.e. Germany, France, Italy and Spain, as well as the United States. The model is estimated with quarterly data for ten countries representing the bulk of debt issuances within the Eurozone over a period ranging from Q4/2008 to Q2/2013, which is characterized by historically high dispersion of sovereign bond spreads either across time or across countries. Our results support the idea that economic policy uncertainty in the core economies of the Eurozone, i.e. Germany and France, as well as in the largest periphery countries, i.e. Italy and Spain, can create an environment likely to exacerbate the transmission of risk arising from abnormal developments of individual countries' sovereign spreads to the Eurozone bond market as a whole. In this respect, our results plead for larger effort of Eurozone “leaders” to reduce the uncertainty surrounding their economic policy in periods of crisis not only to avoid adverse effects on their own economies but also to reduce the risk of a destabilization of the Eurozone sovereign bond market as a whole.     

A sovereign risk index for the Eurozone based on stochastic dominance

We propose a new method to assess sovereign risk in Eurozone countries using an approach that relies on consistent tests for stochastic dominance efficiency. The test statistics and the estimators are computed using mixed integer programming methods. Our analysis is based on macroeconomic fundamentals and their importance in accounting for sovereign risk. The results suggest that net international investment position/GDP and public debt/GDP are the main contributors to country risk in the Eurozone. We also conduct ranking analysis of countries for fiscal and external trade risk. We find a positive correlation between our rankings of the most vulnerable countries and the S&P’s ratings, whereas the correlation for other countries is weaker.     

Factor decomposition of the Eurozone sovereign CDS spreads

In the present study, we examine the factors driving Eurozone sovereign credit default swap (CDS) spreads during the Eurozone sovereign debt crisis. For identifying factors we utilize independent component analysis (ICA), a technique similar to principal component analysis (PCA). We identify three factors that impact spreads and capture the features specific to the crisis such as the breakup risk of the Eurozone: peripheral factor, global factor, and Eurozone common factor. In contrast, when PCA is applied, only a single factor is identified. Moreover, using ICA with a GARCH model, we show that the source of volatility for CDS spreads shifted from the global factor in 2009 and the peripheral factor in 2010 to the Eurozone common factor in 2012, and that the dynamic correlation reflects the decoupling between low credit risk countries such as Germany and high credit risk countries such as Greece. We also show that the goodness-of-fit of the ICA-based model is better than other models used such as the Student's t copula model.     

Euro at risk: The impact of member countries' credit risk on the stability of the common currency

In this paper, we propose a new indicator of Euro stability. We make use of this new indicator and empirically investigate the impact of changes in sovereign risk of Eurozone member countries on the stability of the Euro. The stability of the Euro is proxied by decomposing Dollar–Euro exchange rate options into the moments of the risk-neutral distribution. Our stability measure can nicely separate periods of Dollar instability (the subprime crisis period) and Euro instability (the sovereign debt crisis period). In particular, we document that only during the sovereign debt crisis, changes in the creditworthiness of member countries with vulnerable fiscal positions have a significant impact on the stability of the common currency. Interestingly, however, the market perceives Greece not to be ‘systemically relevant’.     

主权债务风险跨国溢出研究——来自频域的新证据

本文从国家间主权债务风险溢出的持续期角度出发,采用基于广义方差分解谱表示的BK溢出指数方法,首次从频域视角对短期和长期下的主权债务风险跨国溢出效应进行研究。研究发现:第一,短期和长期下的主权债务风险跨国溢出效应均较为显著,并且时域下的总溢出主要由短期的风险溢出主导。第二,14个国家的短期和长期风险输出水平呈线性关系,但对于风险输入,不同类型国家出现分化并形成两个聚类,新兴市场国家的短期风险输入水平远高于长期,其具有较强的“短期脆弱性”。第三,风险输出国的自身风险越大,对他国的长期溢出水平越高,风险输入国的自身风险越大,接收他国的短期溢出水平越高,并且两两国家间的进出口规模、金融市场一体化水平和经济周期协同性与其长期风险溢出水平呈正相关关系,而与其短期风险溢出水平的关系并不显著。第四,短期和长期的主权债务风险溢出网络都呈现明显的区域聚集特征,并且各国在短期溢出网络中主要与同区域以及经济金融环境相似的国家连接,在长期溢出网络中则通过经贸关系将连接范围扩大至不同区域甚至经济金融环境差异较大的国家。     

主权债务风险跨国溢出研究——来自频域的新证据

本文从国家间主权债务风险溢出的持续期角度出发,采用基于广义方差分解谱表示的BK溢出指数方法,首次从频域视角对短期和长期下的主权债务风险跨国溢出效应进行研究。研究发现:第一,短期和长期下的主权债务风险跨国溢出效应均较为显著,并且时域下的总溢出主要由短期的风险溢出主导。第二,14个国家的短期和长期风险输出水平呈线性关系,但对于风险输入,不同类型国家出现分化并形成两个聚类,新兴市场国家的短期风险输入水平远高于长期,其具有较强的“短期脆弱性”。第三,风险输出国的自身风险越大,对他国的长期溢出水平越高,风险输入国的自身风险越大,接收他国的短期溢出水平越高,并且两两国家间的进出口规模、金融市场一体化水平和经济周期协同性与其长期风险溢出水平呈正相关关系,而与其短期风险溢出水平的关系并不显著。第四,短期和长期的主权债务风险溢出网络都呈现明显的区域聚集特征,并且各国在短期溢出网络中主要与同区域以及经济金融环境相似的国家连接,在长期溢出网络中则通过经贸关系将连接范围扩大至不同区域甚至经济金融环境差异较大的国家。