管理层激励、R&D投入与企业绩效——基于国有上市公司的实证分析

选取2015年国有上市公司为研究对象,对企业研发投入强度、管理层激励以及企业财务绩效和市场价值进行了实证分析。研究发现,研发投入强度对国有上市公司企业财务绩效的影响并不明显,但对企业市场价值具有显著的正面影响,管理层激励对二者均起到了积极的促进作用。进一步研究发现,管理层薪酬激励对国有上市公司研发强度与财务绩效关系起到显著的正向调节作用,而管理层股权激励对二者关系的调节作用较弱;同时在对企业市场价值(托宾Q值)的研究中发现,管理层股权激励对国有上市公司研发强度与企业市场价值关系起到了更加显著的正向调节作用,而管理层薪酬激励对二者关系的调节作用并不明显。     

政府干预、市场化进程与上市公司股权激励强度

文章基于政府干预视角,实证分析了我国上市公司管理层股权激励强度的影响因素.研究结果表明,政府为了确保上市公司管理层社会性任务的顺利完成,降低了管理层的股权激励强度,与只承担单项盈利任务的民营上市公司相比,国有上市公司的股权激励强度明显要小.上市公司所在地的市场化程度对上市公司管理层的股权激励强度有显著的正向作用.市场化程度越高的地区,政府对企业的干预越少,地方政府更多地利用市场机制来管理企业,上市公司实施股权激励的强度就越大.文章还发现,公司规模越大,实施股权激励强度越大,公司治理因素并没有显著地影响股权激励的强度.     

上市公司管理层激励与税务筹划实证研究

本文从货币薪酬激励、股权激励和在职消费三种不同的管理层激励角度,研究其分别对国有和非国有上市公司管理层税务筹划程度的影响。结果发现,在非国有上市公司中,管理层货币薪酬、持股比例与公司税务筹划程度呈正相关关系,且货币薪酬的影响程度大于国有上市公司;在职消费程度与税务筹划程度呈负相关关系。在国有上市公司中,管理层货币薪酬与税务筹划程度呈正相关关系;持股比例与税务筹划程度呈负相关关系,在职消费程度与税务筹划程度并不显著相关。     

创业板上市公司股权激励机制对R&D的影响分析

创业板上市公司是我国高成长性中小企业和高技术企业的代表,股权激励是公司治理中影响企业绩效及技术创新活动的重要因素。文章在回顾前人文献的基础上,对创业板上市公司股权激励机制对技术创新研发投入的影响进行了实证研究,结果表明,我国创业板上市公司的股权激励机制与企业技术创新研发投入水平负相关,在现行状况下应进一步弱化我国创业板上市公司对董事会和公司管理层的股权激励,进一步分散股权,以促进企业的长期发展和研发水平的提高。     

上市公司管理层股权激励的决定因素研究

管理层股权激励决定因素的研究是我国上市公司股权激励研究的一个热点。本文以管理层股权激励水平为被解释变量,成长能力、公司规模、企业风险、自由现金流、股权制衡度、股权集中度及管理层任期为解释变量来研究上市公司管理层股权激励的决定因素。通过本文的研究发现企业风险和管理层股权激励正相关且显著,公司规模、自由现金流及股权制衡度对股权激励水平都是负相关的,而且负相关性显著。     

互联网上市公司管理层激励与企业绩效实证研究

针对互联网这一新兴产业,分析了企业绩效与相关上市公司管理层激励之间的关系。研究结果表明,在互联网上市企业中,"报酬——契约"机制依旧有效,而为了促使企业更有效地应对市场竞争,应继续从其他行业借鉴引入科学的管理层薪酬激励方法,如改进管理层人员的薪酬结构、加强对管理层人员的监管力度等;而管理层股权激励的效果则还不够显著,这可能与互联网公司属于新兴行业不够稳定、短期内管理层不愿意持有较多公司股份有关。企业应积极完善股权激励机制,利用股票期权或可转换证券等多样的方法来避免股权激励措施过于单一。     

管理层股权激励对企业避税影响的研究

在理论分析企业实施管理层股权激励对公司治理中代理关系具有重大影响的基础上,以2008—2014年我国A股上市公司为样本,实证研究企业管理层股权激励对企业避税的影响。研究结果表明,管理层股权激励越大,企业实际有效税率越低,但考虑优惠税率的影响后,管理层股权激励与企业避税呈U型关系。结果证实,对管理者授予股权激励的确可以提高企业避税倾向,并协调其与所有者利益保持一致。     

管理层激励、投融资行为与公司风险

文章运用结构方程模型研究管理层激励、公司行为、公司风险的作用关系路径,即管理层激励影响公司行为,公司行为影响公司风险,旨在找到趋利避害、协调管理层与股东之间利益冲突的路径和办法。研究发现,由于管理层激励的影响,企业的投资行为表现在扩大投资规模,由此加剧了公司的风险;管理层激励可以抑制公司负债筹资行为,避免公司因负债过多而产生违约风险和破产风险。     

管理层激励与债务期限结构选择——基于非金融行业上市公司的面板数据

中国上市公司管理层激励存在股权激励程度较低而薪酬激励程度较高的现象.通过采用2004年至2009年612家非金融行业上市公司的平衡面板数据就管理层股权激励和薪酬激励对债务期限结构选择的影响进行实证研究后发现,管理层股权激励与债务期限结构之间呈倒U型关系,而管理层薪酬激励与债务期限结构之间呈正U型关系,但管理层激励与债务期限结构之间的内生关系较弱,调整成本是影响上市公司债务期限结构选择的重要因素.     

风险企业管理层激励约束制度的设计

风险投资公司在确定了被投资企业后面临的最大问题是，如何促进风险企业管理层高效地运用风险资本，实现风险企业的最大增值。因此，考虑风险企业特点、研究风险投资公司与风险企业管理层之间形成的委托——代理关系及随之产生的代理问题，并探讨风险企业管理层激励约束制度的设计很有必要。     

An analysis of the capital asset pricing model in the Egyptian stock market

This paper offers evidence confirming the validity of applying modern portfolio theory and capital asset pricing models to the emerging stock market of Egypt. The results indicate that market risk, as measured by beta and preference for skewness, seems to play a significant role in the returns dynamics in the Egyptian stock market. There is a significant and positive premium for companies with positive skewness. With regard to the return-risk trade off, the results indicate that a portfolio that was based on consumer staples and financial companies (mainly banks) with low betas had outperformed a portfolio containing construction, materials, hotels, and weaving companies with larger betas. Historically, the government's nationalizations that took place, between the mid fifties to the mid sixties, had adversely affected companies in the industrial and construction sectors more than consumer staples companies and banks. This could explain why lower beta companies were observed more in consumer staples, banks, and pharmaceuticals.     

The Fama-French model for estimating the cost of equity capital: The impact of real options of investment projects

We use the classic and modified Fama-French models to estimate the cost of capital of stock portfolios listed on selected markets. We compare four highly developed markets (US, EU, Japanese and global) and the Polish market as an alternative investment opportunity and a CEE emerging market. The performance of the applied procedures for estimating the cost of capital for company projects is examined and cost of capital is assessed with and without real option adjustment. We adjust the portfolios’ returns using the firms’ book-to-market ratios and idiosyncratic volatility as option proxies. The variability of cost of capital is evaluated using bootstrap methods. Our study shows a clear difference between bootstrapped distributions of cost of capital for the tested developed market and the Polish market portfolios. Wider confidence intervals of the estimated cost of capital of the studied Polish portfolios may result from political motivations in managing state-controlled companies. Our findings also indicate a clear difference between the cost of capital for tested portfolios with and without option adjustment. The widths of the estimated confidence intervals increase after option adjustment. The highest/lowest values of the cost of capital both with and without option adjustment are found for the US/Japanese market portfolios.     

Should we worry about the decline of the public corporation? A brief survey of the economics and external effects of the stock market

In recent years, the number of listed companies has been declining in many countries across the world. This paper provides a selective survey of the literature on the real economic effects of the stock market to assess the potential effects of this decline and determine whether it is likely to continue. The leading economic role of the stock market’s primary market, in which firms raise capital by issuing new shares, is to help growing firms secure financing. We discuss providing and certifying information, coordinating investors, and easing the redeployment of capital as the means through which capital allocation can be efficiently achieved. The main economic roles of the stock market’s secondary market, the trade in existing shares, is to provide liquidity to shareholders, to aid in price discovery and to provide diversification opportunities. Positive external effects from an active stock market may arise for consumers, labor and private firms due to increased corporate investment, more socially responsible business strategies and a more positive business climate. Negative external effects on capital allocation and productivity can arise from short-termism, market mispricing, and increased cross-ownership. Local stock markets can spur innovation and foreign direct investment (FDI) and reduce the risk of early cross-border acquisitions. Given the myriad of useful economic functions the stock market performs, a future entirely absent of public companies is difficult to imagine and the decline is therefore likely at some point to come to an end. Whether we need to worry about the decline depends on the relative importance of the positive and negative external effects, a topic we feel warrants more research.     

一种基于相对风险的风险预算方法

风险预算是针对积极投资管理者进行的,所以我们预算和控制的风险主要来自于相对风险而不是绝对风险。本文中的风险预算方法则是在相对风险的基础上,利用边际跟踪误差、相对于基准的调整量、积极因子和积极beta系数等一系列相对概念。通过两个最优化模型,分别在战略资产配置和战术资产配置过程中,将风险配置于投资管理者和管理者资产,并且根据投资者,给定的管理者风险贡献和管理者实际风险贡献之间的误差,进行及时的动态调整,从而完成风险预算的整个过程。     

The financial investment decision of non-financial firms in China

This paper constructs a portfolio model to analyze the determinants of the financial investment decision of non-financial firms in China. Unlike the literature assuming that financial investments are riskless, our model allows risks in both fixed and financial investments. We show that this extension provides an analytically similar but economically different model from the literature. In particular, it is relative risk and risk-adjusted return gap, not pure risk and simple return gap that enter into firms’ financial investment decision model. Using firm-level panel data of 1902 firms listed in Chinese stock market over the period from 2006 to 2016 with semi-annual frequency, we find that the ratio of fixed investment risk over total risk dominates financial investment decisions of non-financial firms. However, rates of risk-adjusted return gap between financial and fixed investments play no role in Chinese firms’ financial investment decisions, which is in stark contrast to the results using a model assuming riskless financial investments. The baseline findings are robust to alternative measures of financialization and investment risk and different firm sizes, ownership structures and time periods.     

上市公司股权激励模式的选择偏好及动态演化——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

股票期权与限制性股票是股权分置改革后中国上市公司最常用的两种股权激励模式,这两种股权激励模式在激励作用、操作方式、基本规范等方面具有显著差异.通过对2006年至2009年首次公告股权激励方案的中国上市公司进行实证检验后发现,上市公司对股权激励模式的选择具有显著偏好,而且这种偏好经历了从非理性到理性的动态演化:2006年至2007年,国有控股上市公司以获利空间为导向而偏好于限制性股票,即终极控制人性质是影响股权激励模式选择的主导因素;2008年至2009年,影响股权激励选择的主导因素演变成为公司的成长性,即高成长性企业更倾向于选择股票期权模式.     

Trade credit financing and stock price crash risk

This study investigates the association between trade credit financing and stock price crash risk within China's context. We find that firms using more trade credit financing have significantly lower future stock price crash risk. This negative association is more pronounced for firms with greater information asymmetry and for firms located in less developed financial markets. This finding is robust to the endogeneity concern, alternative measures of stock price crash risk, and the inclusion of other factors identified in prior studies that might affect stock price crash risk. Further evidence suggests that both the monitoring mechanism and the disclosure mechanism drive the documented relation. Our study suggests that access to trade credit can significantly reduce the likelihood of crash risk in a country like China with less developed formal bank financing. Our study also suggests that investors can effectively avoid stock price crash risk by using the trade credit information disclosed in financial statements.     

Risk spillover from crude oil prices to GCC stock market returns: New evidence during the COVID-19 outbreak

In this study, we examine oil price extreme tail risk spillover to individual Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) stock markets and quantify this spillover’s shift before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. A dynamic conditional correlation generalized autoregressive heteroscedastic (DCC- GARCH) model is employed to estimate three important measures of tail dependence risk: conditional value at risk (CoVaR), delta CoVaR (ΔCoVaR), and marginal expected shortfall (MES). Using daily data from January 2017 until May 2020, results point to significant systemic oil risk spillover in all GCC stock markets. In particular, the effect of oil price systemic risk on GCC stock market returns was significantly larger during COVID-19 than before the pandemic. Upon splitting COVID-19 into two phases based on severity, we identify Saudi Arabia as the only GCC market to have experienced significantly higher exposure to oil risk in Phase 1. Although all GCC stock markets received greater oil systemic risk spillover in Phase 2 of COVID-19, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates appeared more vulnerable to oil extreme risk than other countries. Our empirical findings reveal that investors should carefully consider the extreme oil risk effects on GCC stock markets when designing optimal portfolio strategies, minimizing portfolio risk, and adopting dynamic diversification process. Policymakers and regulators should also enact awareness, oversight, and action plans to minimize adverse oil risk effects.     

Common holdings and strategic manager compensation: The case of an asymmetric triopoly

We study an asymmetric triopoly in a heterogeneous product market where quantity decisions are delegated to managers. The two biggest firms are commonly owned by shareholders such as index funds, whereas the smallest firm is owned by independent shareholders. Under such a common holding owner structure, the owners have an incentive to coordinate when designing their manager compensation schemes. This coordination leads to a reallocation of production and induces a redistribution of profits. The trade volume in the market is reduced so that shareholder coordination is detrimental to consumer surplus as well as welfare.