Child malnutrition and school performance in China

Data on the height, weight, age and grade level of over 3,000 children in five quite different locations in China allow computation of how far behind in school each child is, relative to where he should be given his age, as well as of the nutritional status variables of height-for-age, weight-for-age and weight-for-height. This paper uses these data to estimate the impact of the nutritional variables on the available measure of school performance. Children tend to be about one grade further behind in rural areas than in the provincial capitals, and about one-half a grade further behind in the provincial capitals than in Beijing. Even after controlling for location, however, lower nutritional status (particularly height-for-age) was found to affect school performance adversely; a one standard deviation reduction in height-for-age, for example, would result in a child's being about one-third of a year further behind. Though results from a geographically limited sample should be generalized only with substantial caution, and alternative interpretations of the data are possible, it does appear likely that malnutrition in rural China remained sufficiently prevalent in 1979 to retard the school advancement of large numbers of children.     

The Indian Public Distribution System as provider of food security: Evidence from child nutrition in Andhra Pradesh

We study whether a sudden increase of the price of rice supplied by the Indian Public Distribution System in Andhra Pradesh, a large Indian state, had a negative impact on child nutrition. A few months after the price increase, a health survey started to record weight for a large sample of children. The data collection continued for several months, so that children measured later lived for a longer period of time in a less favorable price regime. Using different estimation techniques we find that longer exposure to high prices are not accompanied by worse nutritional status, as measured by weight-for-age.     

价格政策,产权制度与资源持续利用的一些理论分析

经济政策与制度对资源的持续利用起着重要的作用。本文主要分析了价格政策与产权制度安排对资源持续利用的影响，认为价格控制不仅会造成资源浪费，而且屯是环境问题产生的原因之一；明晰的产权是资源持续利用的基本制度保证。关键词:##4价格;;产权;;资源转续利用     

Almost random: Evaluating a large-scale randomized nutrition program in the presence of crossover

Large-scale randomized interventions have the potential to uncover the causal effect of programs applying to a large population, thereby improving on the insights gained from currently dominant smaller randomized studies. However, the external validity gained through larger interventions typically risks deviation from the randomization protocol. This paper investigates the impact of the Nutrition Enhancement Program, which aims to improve child nutrition in Senegal. The analysis deals with deviation from the planned treatment and suggests approaches for combining ex-post adjustments such as propensity score matching with the randomized treatment plan. The authors do not detect a strong overall program impact on the outcome measure of weight-for-age based on planned treatment status, but do find an impact on the youngest children. Moreover, the project impact is clearer when the analysis considers treatment crossover using alternative estimators of two-stage least-squares and propensity score matching. The findings underscore the importance of addressing the shortcomings of large-scale randomization interventions in a systematic manner to guide further implementation of such projects, as well as to expose the true causal effect of such programs.     

Futures market: contractual arrangement to restrain moral hazard in teams

Holmstrom (Bell J Econ 13:324?C340, 1982) argues that a principal is required to restrain moral hazard in a team: wasting output in certain states is required to enforce efficient effort, and the principal is a commitment device for the waste. Under competition in commodity and team-formation markets, I extend his model à la Prescott and Townsend (Econometrica 52(1):21?C45, 1984) to show that competitive contracts can exploit the futures market to transfer output across states instead of wasting it. Thus, the futures market takes the place of a principal as a commitment device. Exploiting the duality of linear programming, I characterize the market environment and the contractual agreements for incentive-constrained efficiency.     

西部开发中生态经济相关性的分析

生态环境与经济发展的关系是一组矛盾的统一体,生态环境是经济发展的基础,经济发展才能有足够的资金投入环境治理。中央在以生态环境的保护和建设为重要内容的西部大开发战略中,要求我们不能再走传统的浪费资源,破坏环境的路子,为此,在实施西部大开发战略中,认识和研究生态环境与经济发展的关系就显得十分必要。本文从短期与长期两个层次分析相互关系。     

应急物流条件下的路径选择问题研究

面对日益频发的各种灾害,尤其特大灾害,应急条件下的物流管理越来越受到人们的重视.针对已存的关于应急物流的路径选择问题研究文献中,普遍将物资运输的运输速度视作常量,或者以降低速度,以获得高可靠性,牺牲了应急救灾的宝贵时间,本文将运输过程中灾难对道路在时间上和空间上,以及人们在应对灾难的特殊思维考虑在内,建立起了两个模型,分别通过经典算法Dijkstra标号算法和动态规划法求解.然后以具体的实例,验证了这两种算法可行性和对比之下的优劣性.最后,得出把动态规划思想应用于应急状态下的路径选择问题的研究中是可取的.     

科技经费的监管模式研究

科技经费的监管显得越来越重要,主要决定于：一方面,我国科技投入长期不足;另一方面,我国有限的科研经费经常“跑冒滴漏”,利用率低下,浪费现象十分严重; 再一方面,我国正努力建设创新型国家,科技投入强度将快速提升（科技投入占GDP的比重由2006年的1.41%提升到2020年的2.5%）。分析了科技经费背后的不端行为,探讨了3种科技经费监管模式,并提出了切实加强科技经费监管的对策。     

我国农业节水灌溉市场非均衡研究

灌溉用水市场均衡是理想状态,非均衡是经常状态.本文首先构建节水灌溉市场均衡模型,然后再构建了农业节水灌溉市场的非均衡模型,并提出节水灌溉市场非均衡度指标以衡量非均衡程度.造成我国农业节水灌溉市场非均衡的主要原因有:国情、水质恶化、水的使用效率低、节水灌溉设施落后、节水灌溉技术落后、认识上的落后、水市场还未建立起来、缺乏激励机制等.对此,我们要努力解决农业灌溉市场的非均衡.     

小城镇环境保护指标体系与生态环境保护规划

由于我国小城镇规划在环境保护方面的局限性使其在发展过程中引发了一系列环境问题。本文在我国小城镇环境现状分析的基础上,指出了小城镇环境保护规划的主要内容,构建了小城镇环境保护指标体系建设的框架,并根据大气、水体、固体废物和声环境发展目标提出了小城镇环境保护的对策。     

Investing exhaustible resource rents and the path of consumption

Abstract.  We set out dollar‐valued net national product for an economy with a wasting essential stock (oil deposit). We take up 'maintaining capital intact' and locally unchanging consumption. The percentage change in 'net investment' or 'genuine savings,' relative to the market rate of interest, denotes whether current consumption is rising, constant, or declining. JEL classification: O13, Q28, F0     

Upstream Market Power and Wasteful Retailers*

We provide a novel explanation for the wasteful product disposal by retailers. In our model, after purchasing a quantity of a product from the manufacturer, the retailer exerts a costly effort to sell the product to the final users. The manufacturer’s production cost and the outside opportunity associated with it is private information. We show that, when the manufacturer has the upstream market power, the retailer sells all units purchased from the manufacturer. However, when the retailer has the market power, it might deliberately purchase more than it sells to the final users (thus wasting the unsold amount).     

An open-economy transition model

This paper presents an open-economy general equilibrium model illustrating an economy such as a small eastern European country prior to economic transition. The developed model illustrates some of the inefficiencies inherent in the pre-reform economies, including the price distortions that caused resource wasting queues, as well as government domination of the production process. The model specifically provides a dynamic, analytical framework for considering the impact of government policies in determining the size of the trade balance and pre- and post-reform domestic social welfare.The author sincerely appreciates the comments and suggestions on an earlier version of this paper provided by the participants in the Social Sciences Research Council Workshop on the Economics of Transition to Market Systems in St. Petersburg in July 1995, as well as at the 1996 AEA and CEA meetings. Gerhard Glomm, Michael Alexeev, Joe C. Davis, and Ashok Kotwal had many helpful suggestions. The author also thanks Josh Perryman for research assistance.     

Household Food Insecurity and Maternal and Child Nutritional Status: Evidence from Maharashtra

In this paper we rigorously examine the association of household food security status with maternal and child nutritional status exploring a rich micro‐level database, the Comprehensive Nutrition Survey Maharashtra 2012. Using Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) as a metric to measure household food security, we apply simultaneous probit models to estimate the effect of food insecurity on maternal and child nutritional outcomes. The modelling framework addresses possible endogeneity in the above relationship. Findings indicate that household food insecurity increases the risk of maternal and child underweight with no effect on child stunting, wasting or maternal overweight. Women’s decision‐making power mediates these associations. Food security interventions should be effective in tackling the concerns with undernutrition, however, food alone is not the solution. A mix of nutrition‐specific and nutrition‐sensitive policies is warranted. Food security interventions should be integrated into policies for human development.     

Spare the Young Fish: Optimal Harvesting Policies for North-East Arctic Cod

The North-East Arctic cod (Gadus morhua) fishery, as most other commercial fisheries, is wasting the larger part of its potential. Examining a detailed multi-cohort, multi-gear bioeconomic model, we show that the cause is rather a too small mesh size than excessive effort. Although internationally and nationally managed by quota allocations and regulations, the current exploitation pattern implies that essentially the wrong fish are targeted. Catching older and heavier fish could double the fishery’s Net-Present-Value. This increases harvested biomass while it reduces the number of fish removed from the ocean, highlighting the importance of age- and gear-specific modeling. Moreover, optimal harvesting policies would also lead to a much more robust and abundant cod stock.     

加快我国自然资源管理市场化的对策探讨

对自然资源的利用必须符合可持续发展的原则。针对我国自然资源的浪费和破坏现象,只有从产权入手,加快自然资源市场化管理的步伐,才能从根本上解决自然资源利用中的严重问题。本文提出了加快自然资源管理市场化的途径,主要包括自然资源的有效补偿、优化自然资源产权市场、加快自然资源立法、加强政府的宏观管理。     

基于参数法的物流园区用地规模预测——以长沙市为例

随着物流业的快速发展,物流园区在各地蓬勃兴起。然而,我国物流园区开发建设在取得较大成功的同时,也存在规划上贪大求全、土地资源浪费、园区闲置率高等问题。以长沙为例,利用参数法预测长沙未来物流园区用地规模,可为物流园区用地规模预测提供参考。     

新中国初期公费医疗制度建设研究——基于反浪费的视角

新中国公费医疗制度1952年第一次以法规的形式正式确立。1956年,制度建设中的奠基工作基本完成,形成了一套较完整的公费医疗制度。新中国初期公费医疗的施行,对增进国家机关工作人员的健康,保证了社会主义建设事业的胜利进展,均起到了积极作用。但是,公费医疗中浪费超支现象也随即出现,并渐变为一种普遍性的严重问题。严重的浪费超支引起党和政府的高度重视和社会舆论的集中关注,1957年开始,在"勤俭建国"方针的指引下,以改进制度为主要应对思路的"反浪费"工作在公费医疗领域深入展开。该项工作一直持续至1965年,改进符合当时实际,其间取得过一些效果,但终因情况过于复杂,未能完全收到预期成效。     

Hypercongestion in production correspondences: an empirical exploration

This empirical contribution reviews the rather limited existing literature measuring congestion in production. It first compares current ways to measure congestion using nonparametric specifications of technologies. In particular, it focuses on the magnitude and incidence of the congestion detected in empirical studies using traditional radial efficiency measures. Thereafter, it shows the limitations of this radial measurement and how alternative measurement schemes may reveal higher amounts of congestion. Then, the new, more general methodology of measuring S-congestion is presented. In particular, we first present a numerical example to illustrate the way the S-disposable technologies allow to capture more extreme forms of congestion by setting empirically determined upper bounds to the wasting of inputs. Then, an empirical illustration is presented based on an existing sample of data. A final section concludes.     

Study on the construction and operation for management system of municipal domestic wastes

In recent years, the quantity of our country＇s municipal damestic wustes increase rapidly, but the waste disposal still has problems, such as the simple way of processing, wasting the resources, the serious environmental pollution and so on. By holding waste minimization as the center, the developed countries have formed perfect waste management system, Based on analyzing the status quo and problems of processing in our country, on the principle of benefit, scale, waste minimization, reclamation and hazard-free treatment, according to the recycling model of processing, the article has constructed ant country＇s domestic wastes management system, proposed the meusures of promoting the operation of system. It has realized the traasformatian of waste management system from terminal disposal to source reduction. ewhieved the goals, including domestic wastes categorizing and reclaiming, industrialization and non-pollution processing, and finally brought sustainable development for resources, environment, economy and society.