我国发展大型海藻养殖碳汇产业的条件与政策建议

本文简要分析了我国大型海藻养殖业的发展现状,探讨了我国2000年以来海藻养殖种类、产量和面积的变动情况;分析了我国海带、紫菜、江蓠、麒麟菜等主要养殖海藻种类的碳含量,估算出我国大型海藻养殖业碳汇规模达到34.79万吨/年。大型海藻养殖具有碳含量高、可计量、养殖过程可控制等优点,可以作为一种新型的碳汇产业。     

食用海藻的市场调查

通过对食用海藻品种、价格、产地和消费意愿的市场调查,讨论了食用海藻的市场前景、亟待改进的加工问题及发展海藻养殖的现实意义,提出开展龙须菜养殖的建议.     

海藻活性物质在功能性食品中的应用研究

海藻中的活性物质种类繁多,如多糖类、萜类、多酚类等,可以被当今的诸多领域如食品、医药、动物饲料、食物添加剂等加以应用。本文简要介绍了海藻中活性物质的成分及其特殊的生理功能,分析了当前海藻活性物质在功能性食品中应用的研究价值,阐述了海藻活性物质在功能性食品中的运用,以及在开发海藻活性物质中存在的问题。     

中国古代利用海藻的考证

本文通过涉及海藻的我国主要历史文献和沿海各省主要地方志进行研究,考证了我国古代海藻利用的主要种类,及其利用价值和食用方法的主要史实,从而为了中国古代渔业历史提供一些参考。     

我国海藻的开发利用价值及产业化生产

本文分析了海藻的基本营养成分、营养特点、食用价值、药用价值、海藻肥的生产利用以及作为动物饲料添加剂等方面的利用,并且阐述了在生态保护、海洋药物、功能食品、动物饲料、生物活性物质开发应用、食品添加剂、有机肥料、微生物培养基、化工业以及生物能源等诸多领域发挥的重要作用.在此基础上,本文综述了海藻及其深加工产品在食品工业生产方面的开发利用现状,并提出了海藻在开发利用与产业化生产中的问题及相关建议.     

山东省沿海的可食用藻类

报道了山东省可食用海藻47种．隶属于23科29属。     

海藻需求旺盛

据报道，印尼科技研究与应用机构天然资源处助理加纳表示，目前世界的海藻需求每年达30万吨，在未来的需求将继续增加，因此可推动渔民种植海藻。     

泉州崇武沿海底栖经济海藻

泉州崇武沿海共有野生经济底栖海藻46种,其中蓝藻门有2种,绿藻门11种,红藻门24种,褐藻门9种。对这些海藻的资源、经济价值以及开发利用方面,作了阐述。     

开发利用海藻肥 促进农业可持续发展

海藻植物营养剂（海藻肥）是一项新兴的海藻深加工产品,经过十余年的发展,以海藻植物营养剂为核心原料的海藻肥,已成为我国的一个新兴产业。     

海藻肥乱象

近年来，有一种肥料被业内公认为名副其实的“贵族肥料”，这就是海藻肥。 海藻肥从2000年左右起步至今，短短10年间迅速发展：生产厂家38家，农业部登记产品78个。不过记者调查发现，其实市场上标称“海藻肥”的产品远不止这一数字，其中大部分是山寨货。     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

辽宁省植被NDVI对气候因子的滞后响应研究

目的 分析植被对气候因子的滞后响应,为区域应对气候变化、防灾减灾提供科学理论依据。方法 文章以辽宁省为研究区,利用1998—2013年SPOT/VEGETATION逐旬NDVI数据和气象数据,分析研究区植被NDVI生长变化特点,对植被NDVI与降水、NDVI与温度的滞后关系进行研究,并将另一自变量的影响作为常量,揭示植被生长季不同时间尺度NDVI对降水、温度的滞后天数及其空间分布规律,并与传统分析方法进行比较。结果 5月、6月、7月、8月、9月植被NDVI对降水的滞后天数分别为70d、10d、40d、70d、20d,其中6月和9月植被对降水的响应相较其他时段更为敏感;5月、6月、8月植被NDVI分别与同期、累积10d和同期温度的偏相关关系最大;5月、6月、7月降水对植被的影响均大于温度,8月和9月植被受降水和温度的共同影响;生长季植被对降水的滞后天数在辽宁省西部和东南部等地区较长,对温度的滞后天数在辽宁省北部地区较长。结论 偏相关分析比相关分析更能准确地表达NDVI与气候因子的关系。     

Are existing soils data meeting the needs of stakeholders in Europe? An analysis of practical use from policy to field

Soils form a major component of the natural system and their functions underpin many key ecosystem goods and services. The fundamental importance of soils in the environment means that many different organisations and stakeholders make extensive use of soils data and information in their everyday working practices. For many reasons, stakeholders are not always aware that they are reliant upon soil data and information to support their activities. Various reviews of stakeholder needs and how soil information could be improved have been carried out in recent years. However, to date, there has been little consideration of user needs from a non-expert perspective. The aim of this study was to explore the use of explicit and hidden soil information in different organisations across Europe and gain a better understanding of improvements needed in soil data and information to assist in practical use by non-expert stakeholders. An on-line questionnaire was used to investigate different uses of soils data and information with 310 responses obtained from 77 organisations across Europe. Results illustrate the widespread use of soil data and information across diverse organisations within Europe, particularly spatial products and soil functional assessments and tools. A wide range of improvements were expressed with a prevalence for finer scale resolution, trends over time, future scenarios, improved accuracy, non-technical supporting information and better capacity to use GIS. An underlying message is that existing legacy soils data need to be supplemented by new up-to-date data to meet stakeholder needs and information gaps.     

The economic impacts of technology and climate change: New evidence from U.S. corn yields

Over the past century, U.S. farmers have been offered a steady stream of new agricultural technologies, and more recently, experienced climate change. Because these two events have been occurring simultaneously, identifying their separate effects is difficult, and misimputation is easy. This article explicitly examines the economics of technical change and the interaction between weather and technology as revealed in a half century of panel data on U.S. Midwest rainfed state‐average corn yields. Observed yields reflect two components: yield potential and damage to the potential caused by weather and pests. Yield potential is modeled as a stochastic production frontier where nitrogen fertilization, public corn research, and introduction and adoption of biotech corn seeds impact yield potential and excess heat impacts nitrogen productivity. The yield‐damage/damage‐control function permits biotech corn plants to abate adverse effects of weather and pest events. Results include the following: nitrogen use, public corn research, and biotech seed‐corn adoption increase yield potential; soil moisture stress reduces yield potential, and excess heat severely reduces nitrogen productivity. Biotech corn plants abate yield damage caused by soil moisture stress but not excess heat.     

Multifunctional peri-urban agriculture—A review of societal demands and the provision of goods and services by farming

Peri-urban areas around urban agglomerations in Europe and elsewhere have been subject to agricultural and land use research for the past three decades. The manner in which farming responds to urban pressures, socio-economic changes and development opportunities has been the main focus of examination, with urban demand for rural goods and services representing a driving factor to adapt farming activities in a multifunctional way. Working within the peri-urban framework, this review pays particular attention to the relevance of multifunctional agriculture. Academic discourses and empirical insights related to farm structure and practices beyond conventional agriculture are analysed. Diversification, recreational and environmental farming, landscape management and specialisation, as well as direct marketing are all taken into consideration and discussed within the context of landscape functions. The provision of rural goods and services is contrasted with societal demands on peri-urban agriculture. This review finds that multifunctional agriculture has been commonly recognised in peri-urban areas – a phenomenon that includes a large variety of activities and diversification approaches within the context of environmental, social and economic functions of agriculture. In response to the post-productive, consumption-oriented requirements of the urban society, peri-urban farmers have intensified their uptake of multifunctional activities. Nevertheless, not all multifunctional opportunities are being fully developed when one considers the large and growing urban demand for goods and services provided by agriculture carried out near the city. This paper discusses policy and planning approaches to support multifunctional agriculture in peri-urban areas.     

现代中国外商企业林业政策与法律环境优化对策研究

自改革开放以来 ,外商企业直接投资中国林业的规模和质量迅速上升 ,投资区域集中在中国亚热带和热带地区 ,以合作、租赁以及收购等方式稳步发展。 2 0世纪 90年代开始 ,我国鼓励外商投资林业的法律环境基本形成 ;进入 2 1世纪 ,林业财政税收、森林采伐更新管理、森林资产抵押、森林资产的市场化等问题成为制约外资林业可持续发展的制度约束。本文就上述林业政策法律环境和问题进行了比较系统的整理 ,并提出了政策法律优化建议     

浅议绿色会计

传统的会计核算体系和国民经济核算体系 ,未考虑和核算资源及环境的价值 ,也未将环境污染和资源耗竭所造成的损失从国内生产总值和企业利润中扣除 ,已不适应今天的情况 ,此乃绿色会计产生的原因。绿色会计计算出来的是经过环境调整的国内生产总值和企业利润 ,是符合可持续发展战略和科学发展观要求的。文章从分析资源环境问题和传统会计体系的缺陷入手 ,阐述了绿色会计的任务和核算内容 ,并提出了在我国建立绿色会计的设想。     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

Economics and politics of food standards,trade, and development#

Standards have played an important role in food trade for a very long time. Their rapid growth in recent years has triggered vigorous debates on their impacts on international trade and development, with many arguing that standards are “non‐tariff barriers” to trade and that standards are marginalizing the poor. I present conceptual frameworks and review empirical evidence on the equity and efficiency effects and the political economy of standards. Models which incorporate essential aspects of standards yield complex theoretical results and nuanced conclusions. Careful empirical analyses support such nuanced arguments and find complex effects. For trade, standards can create welfare gains but also involve rent redistribution which induces lobbying by interest groups to set the standards at their preferred level. This makes it difficult to distinguish socially desirable standards from those resulting from political rent‐seeking. For development, it is crucial to explicitly account for (a) the endogeneity of the institutional organization of value chains and (b) both smallholder contracting and employment creation on large scale farms when considering the impact of standards on development and poverty.