危机中美国定量宽松货币政策的实施效果——央行资产负债表的视角

金融危机爆发后,美联储采取定量宽松的货币政策。文章从央行资产负债表的视角,对定量宽松货币政策实施的背景、具体措施进行了阐述,并重点考察了定量宽松货币政策对央行资产、负债及其构成、货币政策决策的影响。研究表明,急剧膨胀的央行资产、大量投放的流动性必然造成将来通胀压力,定量宽松货币政策如何顺利退出,事关经济金融的稳定和货币政策的效果,也是央行在经济复苏阶段面临的新的课题。     

宽松货币政策退出机制猜想——货币政策调整的两个催化剂

2008年9月以来,为应对国际金融危机的冲击,我国实施了极度宽松的货币政策,这对经济快速走出低谷起到了至关重要的作用,但也为未来的经济发展埋下了诸多隐患。随着经济向好迹象不断出现,调整货币政策的预期也逐渐增强。宽松货币政策退出,是后危机时代央行的货币政策选择。     

量化宽松货币政策的效果如何

正自2007年美国次贷危机爆发以来,特别是当次贷危机演变为全球金融危机后,主要发达经济体的央行在降息没有空间后,纷纷采用了量化宽松这一非传统货币政策。尽管日本央行是量化宽松的始作俑者,且实施量化宽松的时间已经超过10年。但截至安倍首相上台之前,10年量宽导致日本央行资产负债表的膨胀规模尚未超过1倍。这与美联储资产负债表在2008年至2013年期间膨胀了     

美日欧量化宽松货币政策对中国货币政策的影响研究

美日欧三大经济体为应对美国金融危机和欧债危机,分别实行了各具特色的量化宽松货币政策,这会对中国的货币政策产生影响,增加了中国货币政策制定和实施的难度。本文采用VAR模型对美日欧量化宽松货币政策对中国货币政策的影响进行实证分析,研究结果表明:美日欧量化宽松货币政策对中国货币政策有显著影响,并通过M2、实际有效汇率和利率进行国际传导。鉴于美日欧量化宽松货币政策调整或退出会对中国货币政策带来一定的冲击,文中提出相应的政策建议,以降低美日欧量化宽松货币政策调整或退出对中国货币政策制定和实施效果的冲击。     

美国量化宽松的货币政策对中国通货膨胀的影响实证研究

2012年9月,美联储开始进行量化宽松货币政策第三轮执行,至此,美国已经持续四年的时间实施极端的货币政策,将利率降至较低水平,对世界其他各国的经济产生了较大影响。根据量化宽松货币政策的性质,它将首先造成美元的贬值进而向全球输出通货膨胀。本文基于此北京,对美国量化宽松的货币政策对中国通货膨胀的影响实证研究,结果证明,美国实施的量化宽松的货币政策,可通过影响进口价格和外汇储备来同步造成我国CPI的上涨。     

2011年货币政策展望

<正>2010年,央行继续实施了适度宽松的货币政策。2011年,在内有通胀风险,外有外汇流入压力之下,宽松政策似乎很难延续。2010年,我国继续实施应对国际金融危机冲击的一揽子计划和各项政策措施,加快推进经济发展方式转变和经济结构调整,经济向好势头进一步巩固,继     

美国量化宽松货币政策的运行效果分析

金融危机时期,鉴于传统货币政策面临"流动性陷阱"的无效性,美联储实施了非常时期的量化宽松货币政策。文章从量化宽松货币政策的理论基础和预期效应出发,结合美联储量化宽松货币政策的实施过程,系统深入分析了它的运行效果。     

量化宽松货币政策的理论、实践与影响

金融危机已使全球经济陷入衰退,为应对危机各国央行不断降息。随着短期利率接近于零,美、日、英等主要国家的央行转而求助于"量化宽松货币政策",即通过购买长期国债等方式向经济注入巨量的流动性。全球大规模采取量化宽松政策在历史上尚属首次,对世界经济和中国经济都将产生难以估量的影响,对此有必要进行深入的分析。为此,在对量化宽松理论进行分析的基础上,本文进一步研究了日本量化宽松实践的经验与教训,以及当前量化宽松货币政策的影响,并提出相应的政策建议。     

美国定量宽松的政策效果及对新兴市场国家的影响

定量宽松是美联储在通货紧缩下所采取的一种直接创造货币、扩大央行资产负债表规模的非传统货币政策。定量宽松可以增加货币供给、降低借贷成本、促进消费和经济增长,起到一定的刺激经济复苏的作用。但定量宽松将给我国等新兴市场国家造成较大的负面效果,如加剧国际流动性过剩、货币被动升值、储备货币信用下降、增加了国际货币体系不稳定等。     

国外量化宽松货币政策的实践及对我国的影响

2001年日本率先开始使用量化宽松的货币政策以应对经济衰退。2008年国际金融危机以来,美国、英国等发达国家纷纷采用量化宽松的货币政策刺激经济的发展。本文介绍了量化宽松的货币政策的理论机制,分析了国际金融危机以来发达国家量化宽松的实践及对我国的影响,并提出了应对策略。     

Are monetary policy shocks causal to bank health? Evidence from the euro area

Despite considerable efforts of the European Central Bank (ECB) to support bank intermediation after the 2008 financial crisis, the recovery of euro area banks remained incomplete. Although many studies indicate that central banks can influence the stock prices of firms through their policy actions and communication, a knowledge gap exists as to whether the ECB's monetary policy can influence bank health. Through a high-frequency identification approach, this study reveals that the causal effect of conventional monetary policy action and communication by the ECB on bank stock prices differed over time, whereas its influence on bank financing costs was robust. This study provides new evidence showing that information effects related to policy easing surprises in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis hampered the ECB efforts to improve bank health and that its Odyssean communication signals (related to forward-looking announcements of policy easing) supported bank health during this phase. Local projections suggest that the response of banks to monetary policy shocks displayed some persistence, where ECB policy surprises and communications that shifted up (down) the yield curve were normally positive (negative) for bank health. The findings solicit a new perspective when assessing the influence of the ECB's monetary policy measures on euro area banks.     

Quantitative Easing Forever? Financialisation and the Institutional Legitimacy of the Federal Reserve’s Unconventional Monetary Policy

Scholars of financialisation have argued that the emergence of finance-led grow regimes requires new instruments for effective conduct of economic policy. In this scholarship, central banks have been seen as the most promising actors to utilise one of the most synergetic policies, the maintenance of high and stable prices of financial assets. Since the financial crisis of 2007–8, central banks of the developed world have adopted various unconventional monetary policy measures that serve this function. But will these unconventional measures become institutionally legitimate and institutionalised as conventional practice, as suggested necessary by scholars of financialisation? In this paper, we answer to this question by studying the institutional legitimation of the Federal Reserve’s Quantiative Easing (QE) programmes. We argue that the QE programmes have been legitimated successfully but with institutional legitimation strategies, which cause institutional pressures that question the potential of QE from becoming a regular policy instrument and practice.     

The Effectiveness of Unconventional Monetary Policy in Japan

Since the global financial crisis of 2007–2008, central bankers around the world have been forced to abandon conventional monetary policy tools in favor of unconventional policies such as quantitative easing, forward guidance, and even lowering the interest rate paid on bank reserves into negative territory. Japan, which faced a crisis in its banking sector and came up against the theoretical zero lower bound on interest rates nearly a decade earlier, was a pioneer in the use of many of these unconventional policy tools. This article analyzes the effectiveness of Japan’s bold experiment with unconventional monetary policy. Using a panel of bi-annual bank data covering the full universe of Japanese commercial banks over a fifteen-year period, this study analyzes the effectiveness of quantitative easing policy on the bank lending channel of monetary policy transmission. Our findings suggest that Japan’s unconventional monetary policy worked: there is a bank lending channel of monetary policy transmission in Japan. These results are robust to the inclusion of time fixed effects and generalized method of moments analysis.     

美国金融生态的恶化与量化宽松货币政策就业效应的失灵

在量化宽松货币政策下,美国的经济衰退得到了显著遏制,但失业率却持续在高水平运行,表明量化宽松货币政策对降低失业水平无效。研究显示,金融危机造成了美国金融生态的明显恶化,银行体系采取了紧缩信贷的应对措施,因此,美国政府通过量化宽松货币政策释放的流动性被截留在银行体系内部,不能形成满足市场投资需求的流动性供给,国内投资不能扩张,失业率就不可能下降,其结果必然导致量化宽松货币政策就业效应的失灵。     

量化宽松、流动性溢出与新兴市场通货膨胀

全球金融危机愈演愈烈,各国政府使出浑身解数以刺激经济回暖,随着短期利率接近于零,常规货币政策几近失效之时,美、英等发达国家试图通过量化宽松货币政策的实施刺激国内私人部门消费和投资的增长。当国内实体经济无法容纳这部分过剩的流动性时,必然导致流动性溢出,大量国际资本涌入大宗商品市场和新兴市场,催生资产泡沫,给新兴市场国家造成通胀的压力。本文通过新近发展的面板VAR模型分析了量化宽松政策的流动性溢出效应及其对金砖国家物价的影响。     

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NON‐TRADITIONAL MONETARY POLICY MEASURES: THE CASE OF THE BANK OF JAPAN*

This paper summarizes non‐traditional monetary policy measures adopted by the Bank of Japan (BOJ) during the last 2 decades and by other G7 central banks since the start of the current global financial turmoil and analyses the effectiveness of such measures. The paper begins with a typology of policies usable near the zero lower bound on interest rates. They are: (i) forward guidance of future policy rates; (ii) targeted asset purchases; and (iii) quantitative easing. Using this typology, I review the measures adopted by the BOJ and other central banks. I then offer a news analysis of the effects of the measures adopted by the BOJ on asset prices, comparing them with those adopted by the Fed. Many of the measures, with the exception of strategy (iii), are shown to have moved asset prices in the expected directions. Another exception is that most of the monetary easing measures failed to weaken the yen. Despite some effects on asset prices, however, the measures have failed to stop the deflationary trend of the Japanese economy clearly. I discuss some possible reasons for this and more general implications for monetary policy.     

美国量化宽松货币政策影响及中国对策

随着金融危机的不断蔓延和影响的逐渐深化,美国在采取第一轮和第二轮量化宽松货币政策失效后,还可能采取第三轮量化宽松货币政策来稳定和刺激经济。此种极端货币政策引发多米诺骨牌效应,并将对中国经济产生深远影响。对此,文章从量化宽松货币政策产生的机理出发,在着重分析美国量化宽松货币政策对中国经济可能造成影响的基础上,提出中国所应采取的应对策略,以减缓量化宽松货币政策对中国经济可能产生的不利影响。     

“定量宽松”政策的实质及对中国的影响

在当前的国际经济与金融危机环境下,美国等西方国家通过扩大货币的发行量大规模增加时资本市场货币的供应,货币政策的重心向"定量宽松"政策倾斜.关于"定量宽松"货币政策的实质以及对中国的影响,我国经济学界已经展开了广泛的热议.本文认为,对这一问题应据据中国人民银行行长周小川提出的构建"超主权国际储备货币"的建议进行更深入探讨,本文在现有研究基础上,对此进行了进一步分析.     

Which Vested Interests Do Central Banks Really Serve? Understanding Central Bank Policy Since the Global Financial Crisis

Inspired by Thorstein Veblen’s ideas, I analyze the behavior of central banks from the perspective of how institutions are captured by vested interests. Since the global financial crisis in 2008, there has been a shift in the conduct of monetary policy. Much like the behavior of asset holders themselves, who, in times of crisis, sought to trade off lower returns with more stable asset values, monetary policy changed from a de facto policy of stabilizing rentier income to one of preserving asset prices or rentier wealth. I analyze this particularly through the lenses of what happened with quantitative easing (QE) in the US, which coincided with a collapse of real interest rates, while asset prices were stabilized. This can also be seen in the way the banking sector was supported by QE where the market for mortgage-backed securities was sustained even as it actually meant a lower profitability for the overall U.S. banking sector during the QE interventions.