浅析我国外贸市场多元化战略的必要性及主要措施

我国从“八五”计划起,即确立市场多元化战略为我国的出口市场战略。制定并实施市场多元化战略,旨在改变我国过于集中的市场格局,减少对某些市场过分依赖而可能产生的风险。实行出口市场多元化,避免对少数国家的依赖,以降低出口风险。近几年来,在市场多元化战略指导下,我国出口市场多元化工作取得了不小的成就。本文将先从市场多元化战略的定义及内涵谈起,随后讨论其在中国对外贸易中的重要性和主要措施。     

实施出口市场多元化战略

出口市场多元化并不是一个新话题,中国早在提出“七五”计划之时就倡导实施出口市场多元化战略,并于“八五”计划正式启动出口市场多元化战略。出口市场多元化战略是根据国际政治经济条件的变化,有重点、有计划地调整出口市场结构,在巩固传统市场的基础上努力开拓新市场,改变出口市场过于集中的状况,逐步建立起出口市场多元化的总体格局。     

出口市场的分布规律与我国出口市场多元化战略

<正> 近年来,追求出口市场多元化一直是我国出口发展的基本战略之一,但是,这一战略实行的结果却进展甚微。本文将从探讨出口市场分布的一般规律入手,对出口市场多元化战略进行重新审视和评价。     

河北省实施出口市场多元化战略研究

自上个世纪90年代初,中国提出以降低出口市场集中度、减少风险为主要内容的"市场多元化战略"以来,经过20多年努力河北省出口市场多元化已取得了初步成果,目前河北省的出口市场已形成以欧盟、美国、东盟、俄罗斯、韩国、日本为重点,遍布全球的多元化格局。然而,面对次贷危机和欧债危机这样的外部冲击,河北省的出口贸易依然受到巨大影响。因此,我们应进一步推进河北省出口市场多元化战略,规避出口风险,促进河北省出口贸易的可持续发展。     

跨境电子商务对我国企业出口市场组合风险的影响

当前我国经济发展环境的复杂性、严峻性、不确定性上升,如何在外部风险愈发不稳定的情况下稳定外贸,是亟待解决的难题。本文使用2014年中国工业企业数据库和2015年中国海关数据库的合并数据,结合中国海关企业进出口信用信息公示平台《跨境电子商务企业名录》中的跨境电商识别信息,研究了跨境电子商务对降低我国企业出口市场组合风险的作用,为了处理可能存在的样本自选择和反向因果等内生性问题,本文使用基于倾向值匹配法的反事实分析框架和工具变量法。研究结果表明：跨境电商的使用可以在不影响出口总量的前提下显著降低企业出口市场组合的风险水平。从机制上看,跨境电商主要通过改变企业出口市场分布,一方面促进企业扩大出口市场,另一方面促进企业出口更偏向于低风险的市场,即实现风险规避。进一步探究发现,市场分布偏度的提高是市场组合向有效边界移动的过程。此外,一系列稳健性检验的结果也证实了本文的结论是稳健的。本文为化解企业出口风险和稳定外贸提供了重要的理论和实证依据。     

论加速实施出口市场多元化战略

<正> 一、加速实施出口市场多元化战略的必要性 虽然我国一直在强调要注意对外贸易的均衡发展,并明确提出要把市场多元化作为外贸发展的一项战略来实施,但实际上,实施这一战略的进程却十分缓慢,我国出口商品的市场仍然相当集中,这主要表现在: 1.出口额高度集中在少数发达国家市场     

我国出口市场多元化与出口企业重组思考

本文以有关资料和事实说明我国出口市场分布过于集中，市场依赖性强。建议出口企业进行重组，建立起具有垄断竞争性质的出口企业集团，以促进我国出口市场向多元化方向发展。     

东欧市场开发的一些探索

90年代初期我国提出“市场多元化战略”,其目标是降低市场集中度,分散市场风险,从而在全球建立合理的、有层次的多元化市场格局,使我国出口贸易能够持续健康发展。经过十余年努力,已取得初步成果。但是目前我国外贸整体上对美、日、欧的依赖仍然较为严重,仍存在出口市场相对集中问题。面对世界经济形势和国际贸易形势的动荡,出口竞争加剧和贸易纠纷上升,鼓励企业不失时机地开辟新市场,以分散风险,缓解矛盾,增强应变能力,保持我国出口持续增长,这种战略变得比以往更加重要。     

我国出口市场多元化战略的发展与调整

改革开放极大地释放了我国对外贸易的能量,从1981年至1991年,我国外贸出口增长3.3倍,在国际贸易中的份额达到历史最高点。为保障出口持续稳定发展,根据当时的形势,我国制定了以降低市场集中度、减少市场风险为主要内容的"市场多元化战略",其目标是:在保持原有市场的同时,努力开拓新的市场:其途径是:第一,努力改变我国进出口贸易过     

抵御——出口收汇风险投身国际市场

市场多元化战略的实施给中国的出口企业,特别是主营机电产品出口的企业对外经贸发展注入了前所未有的活力,他们正努力将中国产品推向拉美、非洲、中东和原苏东等新市场,出口的扩大将给国家和企业带来更大的收益,但收汇风险也随之而来。     

The impact of geographic diversification on export performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)

Two alternative diversification strategies—the geographic diversification of export sales and key market concentration—are extensively discussed in management, strategy, entrepreneurship, and economics literature. However, no conclusive evidence currently exists as to how either of these strategies affects the performance of international sales. This paper contributes to a better understanding of geographic diversification as a key dimension of the internationalization process for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). In it, we analyze a comprehensive database of Polish exporters over a 3-year period to better understand the geographic diversification patterns of exporters. Based on this analysis, six propositions emerged from the export patterns examined and two viable strategies for exporting SMEs are identified: (1) concentrating on a single market and (2) a balanced approach aimed at targeting a small number of key markets, combined with a strategy of penetrating other markets. Implications for practice and future research are also discussed herein.     

Caribbean Diversification and Development

Small Island Developing States generally adopt diversification as their primary development strategy, often with little success. Nevertheless, there is no empirical study specifically focusing on the pattern of diversification of these countries in relation to their development. The objective of this paper was to study the export diversification pattern by the intensive (a more equally spread export basket) and extensive (an increase in new export lines) product margin of 21 Caribbean countries in relation to their level of development using panel data. The results show that despite their limited ability to diversify, Caribbean countries, as has been found for other parts of the world, first diversify and subsequently respecialise though at a substantially lower level of income than other countries and that the intensive margin plays a greater role in this process.     

Including emerging markets in international momentum investment strategies

Momentum return investment strategies that diversify across countries provide lower portfolio standard deviations and/or increased expected returns. These diversification benefits are larger when adding emerging markets than when adding developed markets, and they are larger than would be suggested by diversifying with long-only portfolios. Using data on almost 16,000 firms from 22 developed and 18 emerging markets over the 1990–2004 period, we confirm the profitability of momentum trading strategies in both developed and emerging markets and document the diversification benefits of including emerging markets in an international momentum portfolio investment strategy.     

广西出口贸易结构存在的问题分析与优化

改革开放以来,广西对外贸易快速发展,其出口贸易结构也发生了巨大的变化。目前,广西出口商品中以工业制成品为主,私营企业对外出口成为广西最重要的出口类型。广西出口结构仍然存在不少问题,如出口商品技术含量低、出口贸易方式单一等。为了优化出口贸易结构,广西需要加快产业结构调整,优化出口整体结构;积极开拓新兴市场,实施市场多元化战略;大力发展加工贸易,实现贸易方式的多元化;加大对中小企业的扶持。     

Determinants of Export Diversification Around the World: 1962–2000

Using a large dataset for 79 countries covering the period 1962–2000, this study analyses the main determinants of export diversification (concentration). We explore the role of several factors and we use three different indicators of export concentration. We find robust evidence across specifications and indicators that trade openness induces higher specialisation. In contrast, financial development does not seem to help countries to diversify their exports. Looking at the effects of exchange rates, in some of the results, a negative effect of real exchange rate volatility on export diversification is detected, but no significant effects of exchange rate overvaluation. There is also evidence that human capital accumulation contributes positively to diversify exports and that increasing remoteness tends to reduce export diversification. We also explore the role of terms of trade shocks. Most of the results suggest an interesting interaction between this variable and human capital: improvements in the terms of trade tend to concentrate exports, but this effect is lower for those countries with higher levels of human capital. This evidence suggests that countries with higher education can take advantage of positive terms of trade shocks to increase export diversification.     

Geographic export diversification: Determinants and their link with export performance

This study examines company‐specific factors that may help explain the choice of an export‐market strategy and explores how the selected export strategy contributes to explaining company's export performance (XP). Concentrating on a specific area within a broad spectrum of export behavior analysis has enabled us to examine these factors in greater depth. The results of our research, which was carried out using a sample comprising Spanish exporting companies, show a firm's size, a firm's age, and a firm's greater foreign ownership in its share capital are all determining factors for adopting a strategy geared to export‐market diversification. A greater level of investment in R&D and greater international commitment are also important in this regard. We suggest reinforcing these two factors because there is evidence of a better XP among firms that have a wider range of foreign markets.     

Aid for trade and export diversification in recipient‐countries

The Aid‐for‐Trade (AfT) Initiative was launched by the Members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) with a view to helping developing countries and the least‐developed countries (LDCs) expand their trade. The current paper contributes to the literature on AfT effectiveness by examining how AfT affects recipient‐countries' export product diversification. The analysis has been carried out on a sample of 104 AfT recipient‐countries over the period 2002–2015 and uses the two‐step system generalised methods of moments (GMM) approach. Results show that AfT flows are conducive to export product diversification in recipient‐countries. In addition, the analysis has shown a positive impact of the cumulative AfT flows on the export product diversification path of these countries. These results apply as well to the subsamples of LDCs and other developing countries. One policy implication of these results is that a scale‐up of AfT would help recipient‐countries to diversify their export products baskets and hence facilitate their greater integration into the global trading system.     

基于地理集中度的中国水产品出口不稳定性研究

以地理集中化指标、出口多样化指数等为研究变量,实证分析中国水产品出口地理结构与其出口不稳定性的相互关系,结果显示:中国水产品五大出口市场中,亚洲的日本、韩国和香港市场的波动趋势相近,决定了水产品出口不稳定性的大部分,不断扩大的美国、欧盟市场可以一定程度地平抑亚洲市场的冲击;但美国、欧盟市场自身的不稳定性及波动的趋势相关性使得其平抑作用十分有限;通过调整出口地理结构,开拓新的市场可以降低总体出口的不稳定性。     

Evaluating Export Promotion Programmes: U.K. Overseas Trade Missions and Export Performance

This paper examines the extent to which firms' knowledge and structural characteristics as well as firms' behaviour in foreign markets following trade mission participation impacts upon trade mission success and export performance. The findings suggest that: 1) A diversification strategy in terms of export markets benefits future expansion into new foreign markets; 2) Specific knowledge about the targeted markets should be acquired prior to participating in the trade missions; 3) Communication with potential business partners should be established prior to participating in the trade missions; and 4) The business relationships established before and during the trade missions should be cultivated through regular contacts using not only communication technology, but also regular visits. In summary, overseas trade missions contribute to the generation of incremental sales in foreign markets by enhancing the relationship-building process between business partners.     

How does the geographic export diversification–performance relationship vary at different levels of export intensity?

We argue that the relationship between geographic export diversification and firm performance follows an S-curve relationship if export intensity is low and an inverted U-shape if export intensity is high. The S-shape curve occurs because firms have weaker incentives to deploy the resources needed for succeeding in foreign markets if they generate relatively low revenues in export markets compared to their domestic market. Firms highly committed to export markets, in contrast, face stronger incentives to accelerate their learning curve, which results in an inverted U-shape relationship. We examine our hypotheses using a panel of longitudinal archival data with over 2000 firm-year observations, which cover all of the possible export destination countries served by large Brazil-based exporters from 2001 to 2010. Our results imply that the degree of export intensity changes the cost-benefit relationship of geographic export diversification.