浅议公允价值计量属性的运用及其财务影响

资产负债观是指会计准则制订者在制定规范某类交易或事项的会计准则时,首先定义并规范由此类交易产生的资产或负债的计量;然后再根据所定义的资产和负债的变化来确认收益。为了反映资产、负债的真实情况,提高信息的相关性,在资产负债观下,主要计量属性采用公允价值。在新企业会计准则体系中公允价值的运用非常广泛,并成为此次会计改革中最引人注目的亮点。     

金融危机背景下资产负债观再审视

2006年2月国家财政部颁布了新的会计准则体系,新准则的一个明显变化是引入公允价值计量模式,基本实现了与国际会计准则的趋同,收入计量方法,从传统的收入费用观转化为资产负债观。本文在解析资产负债观及收入费用观内涵的基础上,详细分析我国新会计准则应用资产负债观的情况,并对资产负债观的应用过程中存在的问题进行剖析,最后结合现今席卷全球的次贷危机提出相应的改进建议。     

所得税会计准则解析——资产负债观在新会计准则中的体现

2006年发布的所得税会计准则,要求采用资产负债表债务法,引入计税基础计量暂时性差异,重在规范递延所得税资产或负债的确认及计量,在资产及负债存量可靠、完整的基础上,从资产及负债的增减变动导出对所得税费用的影响金额,体现了资产负债观在我国会计规范中的运用。     

对现行会计准则取消“待摊费用”科目的看法

一、现行会计准则取消待摊费用科目的原因1.待摊费用不符合资产负债观。这种观点认为,现行会计准则强化资产负债观,淡化收入费用观。他们认为待摊费用本质上是一种费用,是企业的一项沉没成本,如果将它归类于资产,会虚增企业的资产总额,严重影响企业财务     

新会计准则的核心理念及其在准则中的体现

新会计准则体现了"资产负债观"的核心理念,在资产和负债的确认、公允价值计量、所得税采用资产负债表债务法以及资产减值等方面都得到了充分的体现,使会计确认、计量方法发生了一系列重大变化     

新会计准则中资产负债观的应用

财政部于2006年2月15日发布的《企业会计准则》,体现了“资产负债观”的核心理念,在资产和负债的确认、公允价值计量、所得税会计处理、金融工具确认和计量方法及所有者权益变动表等方面都得到充分体现,使会计确认、计量方法发生了一系列重大变化。正确理解资产负债观理念及掌握其理念在新会计准则的体现,将有助于更好地理解和运用新会计准则。     

资产负债观在新会计准则中的应用

我国新会计准则突破了目前我国会计实务中计量模式普遍采用收入费用观的束缚,采用国际上通行的资产负债观理念对会计要素进行确认、计量与披露,对会计信息质量产生重大影响。本文分析了资产负债观在新会计准则中的应用,最后指出了其应用中存在的一些难题。     

资产负债观的会计准则可以提升资产质量吗——一项实证检验

2007年起实施的新会计准则,其制定理念从收入费用观转向了资产负债观,会计信息体系的核心由损益转向资产。在这一背景下,文章考察了制定理念变革后的会计准则是否如预期一致提升了公司的资产质量,以及哪些因素影响了公司资产质量的提升。通过构建双重差分(DID)研究模型对上述问题进行实证检验发现:会计准则的制定理念转向资产负债观后,我国上市公司的资产质量得到了显著提升;其中,信息环境好以及位于市场化程度更高地区的上市公司资产质量的提升更为明显。进一步研究发现,在新准则实施后,资产质量的提升降低了上市公司的权益资本成本,说明新会计准则有助于提升上市公司的信息质量,更好地传递公司的价值信息,降低交易成本。研究结论为资产负债观的会计准则变革导向提供了支持证据。     

不确认递延所得税资产（负债）的情况及其分析

新会计准则中的所得税会计采用了资产负债表债务法，并从“资产负债观”的角度，明确提出了递延所得税资产（负债）的概念。如何通过比较资产、负债等项目按照会计准则确认的账面价值与按照税法规定确认的计税基础之间的差异，合理确定递延所得税资产和递延所得税负债，成为所得税会计的基础，也是最终确定所得税费用的依据。本文试就几种不确认递延所得税资产（负债）的情况及其原因作一简要论述。     

论新会计准则中的资产负债观

我国新会计准则体系的一个重大变化之一,就是实现了会计理念的更新,而其中最重要的理念更新是实现了从收入费用观向资产负债观的转变.长期以来我国对收益的确认计量一直采用收入费用观,但这种收益计量模式,逐渐暴露出许多弊端,贯彻资产负债观可以防止企业虚增资产、虚增利润,有助于企业可持续发展,体现企业价值最大化的企业目标.但任何一项会计原则都有利有弊,因此,如何恰当地采用资产负债观,是当前和未来值得研究的重要课题.     

递延所得税负债及递延所得税资产的确认

新会计准则实行后,所得税差异的处理方法变化较大。文章主要就资产负债表债务法的核心,即递延所得税负债和递延所得税资产的确认和计量进行了探讨。     

Embedded options and interest rate risk for insurance companies,banks and other financial institutions

We explore how embedded options in assets and liabilities of financial institutions impact interest rate risk, which is measured by equity value change with interest rate movements. We find that both asset and liability durations decline when embedded options are present where liability duration declines more substantially. This leads to a duration-mismatch and a negative change in equity value when interest rates rise, but a positive change for interest rate declines. In a more sophisticated model, an option adjusted duration-matching strategy eliminates interest rate risk caused by duration-mismatch, but the convexity-mismatch remains large due to large negative convexity of callable assets and large positive convexity of putable liabilities. The interest rate risk introduced by convexity mismatch is quite large in comparison to that of duration mismatch. The pattern of this impact is complex and strongest for roughly intermediate maturities. We propose and show that a simple convexity hedging strategy with putable assets and callable liabilities (or caps and floors combined with floating rate assets and liabilities) reduces the interest rate risk substantially.     

Accounting for derivatives: An evaluation of reporting practice by UK banks

In 1995, the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants (CICA) changed its Generally Accepted Accounting Principles on accounting for joint ventures from permitting a choice between the equity method (EM) and proportionate consolidation (PC) to requiring only PC. More recently, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has decided to issue a new standard that will eliminate choice between EM and PC and require only EM; but as of October 2010 a new standard was still to be issued. The past Canadian and proposed IASB changes are similar in that choice between the same two reporting methods is removed but differ in the required alternative, PC for Canada and EM for the IASB. In this paper we use a sample of Canadian companies over the period 1985–2003 to study financial reporting for joint ventures. To our knowledge, our Canadian sample is the only one reflecting a reduction of choice in financial reporting methods for joint ventures. Therefore, our results have particular relevance for evaluating the IASB's proposed change. Specifically, we investigate whether firms that use EM between 1985 and 1994 experience a decline in value relevance of key balance sheet amounts such as total assets and liabilities when forced to use PC from 1995 onwards. Since 1995 firms are also required to provide footnote disclosures on their share of joint venture assets and liabilities in addition to revenues, expenses and cash flows. Using these disclosures, we investigate whether disaggregate joint venture assets and liabilities are incrementally and overall value relevant. We find that firms that are forced to switch from EM to PC experience a decline in value relevance of reported assets and liabilities. The firms that use PC for the entire sample period experience no such decline. We also find that joint venture assets and liabilities are incrementally and overall value relevant when disclosures are mandatory from 1995 onwards. Our results show that the removal of choice of financial reporting method does have value-relevance implications, something that is of importance to users. We also find that the requirement of additional disclosure of joint venture assets and liabilities is value relevant, which may offset, to some extent, the costs of the reduction in choice. Our inferences may have implications for a number of jurisdictions across Europe and beyond that are affected by a similar reduction of accounting choice proposed by the IASB.     

会计确认、计量重心转移：理论分析、准则解释及应对策略

本文对资产负债观和收入费用观进行了比较研究，分析了二者的内涵和特征，探究了会计确认、计量重心转移的历史演变过程，阐释了会计确认、计量重心转移在我国新会计准则中的表现，并分别从会计信息供给者、管制者和使用者的视角对提高会计信息的决策有用性提出了建议。     

Accounting enlightenment in the age of reason

We scrutinize the role financial reporting for fair values, asset securitizations, derivatives and loan loss provisioning played in the Financial Crisis. Because banks were at the center of the Financial Crisis, we focus our discussion and analysis on the effects of financial reporting by banks. We conclude fair value accounting played little or no role in the Financial Crisis. However, transparency of information associated with asset securitizations and derivatives likely was insufficient for investors to assess properly the values and riskiness of bank assets and liabilities. Although the FASB and IASB have taken laudable steps to improve disclosures relating to asset securitizations, in our view, the approach for accounting for securitizations in the IASB's Exposure Draft that would require banks to recognize whatever assets and liabilities they have after the securitization is executed better reflects the underlying economics of the securitization transaction. Regarding derivatives, we recommend disclosure of more disaggregated information, disclosure of the sensitivity of derivatives' fair values to changes in market risk variables, and implementing a risk-equivalence approach to enable investors to understand better the leverage inherent in derivatives. We also conclude that because the objectives of bank regulation and financial reporting differ, changes in financial reporting needed to improve transparency of information provided to the capital markets likely will not be identical to changes in bank regulations needed to strengthen the stability of the banking sector. We discuss how loan loss provisioning may have contributed to the Financial Crisis through its effects on procyclicality and on the effectiveness of market discipline. Accounting standard setters and bank regulators should find some common ground. However, it is the responsibility of bank regulators, not accounting standard setters, to ensure the stability of the financial system.     

递延所得税会计信息的价值相关性研究

2007年开始实施的我国新会计准则要求上市公司按照资产负债表债务法确认所得税费用,由此产生了递延所得税会计信息。文章以Ohlson(1995)的价值相关性模型为基础,以2008年-2009年沪深A股上市公司为研究样本,检验了递延所得税会计信息在股票定价中的作用。结果发现:(1)递延所得税会计信息具有显著的价值相关性,能够提供额外的增量信息;(2)公司所得税税率的变化会削弱递延所得税的价值相关性。研究表明,递延所得税会计信息改善了投资者对公司资产价值质量和未来盈利能力的合理估计,提高了会计信息在股票定价中的作用。     

Systemic risk mitigation in financial networks

We propose a multi-period clearing framework, where the level of systemic risk is mitigated through the provision of liquidity assistance. The interbank liability network evolves stochastically over time, and assets of defaulted banks are sold to qualified banks within the network through a first-price sealed-bid auction. We find that policies targeting systemically important banks are more effective in core-periphery network structures, whereas those maximizing the total liquidity in the system are preferred in random network configurations. We assess sensitivity of systemic risk to variations in interbank liabilities as well as to their correlation structure.     

基于多元化竞争战略探讨我国中小企业的资本结构问题

本文创新性地从竞争战略的视角来研究中小企业资本结构问题,建立了中小企业多元化经营回归模型,设置了多元化变量、财务杠杆变量、国家补贴变量和收益性变量,并根据深圳证券交易创业板所提供的实际数据,运用相关性分析的方法进行了实证研究,结果表明:中小企业的多元化经营与资产负债率指标之间并不显著相关;财务杠杆系数对企业资产负债率呈显著正相关;国家财政补贴扶持对中小企业的效果显著。     

探析资产负债表观在新会计准则中的应用

经济全球化必然要求会计准则国际趋同,我国新会计准则借鉴吸收了美国和国际会计准则的研究成果,其一个重大突破在于是新准则体系凸显了资产负债表观在报表体系中的核心地位。在对二者进行比较的基础上,详细分析资产负债表观在新会计准则中的体现,从而更好地理解新会计准则。