人民币升值对我国物价水平的影响

一引言汇率是以一国货币表示的另一国货币的价格。影响一国货币汇率的因素主要有:国际收支、国际储备、各国间的相对物价水平和相对利率。2005年7月21日起,我国开始实行以市场供求为基础、参考一篮子货币进行调节、有管理的浮动汇率制度,人民币对美元汇率水平波幅增宽,汇率更具     

从现行国际货币体系角度分析国际收支失衡

国际收支失衡是影响国际经济发展的主要问题之一。现行的国际货币体系的缺陷是目前国际收支失衡重要原因。本文从现行国际货币体系的角度出发分析对国际收支失衡的形成,并对其提出了相关解决建议。     

美元本位下的国际货币体系是金融危机的根本原因

金融危机将是以美元为本位的国际货币体系走向崩溃的起点,也是构想重建国际货币体系的关键。现行国际货币体系下,美元本位制导致的美元借款软约束,加剧了国际收支失衡,造成美国现今如此低水平的储蓄率和利率,从而成为次贷危机的爆发根本原因。当前需要约束美元霸权行为,对国际货币体系进行改革和重构,打破美元的垄断地位,推动实现国际货币的多元化。     

浅论国际货币体系改革

一、国际货币体系改革的主要方案和建议1.创立国际商品储备体系由于许多发展中国家受初级产品和原材料价格剧烈波动的影响,国际收支状况经常恶化。一些经济学家提出了创立以商品为基础的国际储备货币,以解决初级产品价格波动和国际储备制度不稳定的问题。     

浅论国际货币体系改革

<正>一、国际货币体系改革的主要方案和建议1.创立国际商品储备体系由于许多发展中国家受初级产品和原材料价格剧烈波动的影响,国际收支状况经常恶化。一些经济学家提出了创立以商品为基础的国际储备货币,以解决初级产品价格波动和国际储备制度不稳定的问题。     

全球货币供给过剩与经济周期运行态势

在以美元为中心的国际货币体系下,由于美国长期的国际收支逆差,使得美元对全球供给过剩,而对美国有国际收支顺差的国家持有美元,用本国货币购买企业的美元,产生本国货币供给过剩;对美国国际收支的非顺差国,为了保持本国货币的对外价值的一致性,也要增加货币发行,从而导致整个世界的货币供给过剩。这种状况改变了经济周期运行态势。     

国际货币体系演进的路径与动因分析

有效的国际货币体系较好地解决了国际清偿力的提供、国际收支不平衡的合理调整和国际经济主体对世界储备货币的信心三大问题。至今为止,国际货币体系的演进历经国际金本位制、布雷顿森林体系和牙买加体系三大阶段。体系的演进可从四大动因中得到相当程度的解释,分别是实力、信心、流动性和不对称性。国际货币体系作为动态化制度,其演进变迁展现出人们的无奈和智慧。     

凯恩斯的国际收支调节理论评介

国际货币经济学是传统的资产阶级国际经济学的宏观部分。它探讨的是,货币在国际流通领域中转移换位的动因以及由此引起的国际收支均衡或失衡的经济决定因素;它分析的核心是,在各种不同的货币水位下,如河运用经济体系中的各种相关变量,来有机地协凋国际收支均衡与国内经济稳定这两个大目标之间的关系。历史上同这个命题联系在一起的,通常被称为国际收支调节理论或支付理论。凯恩斯以前的正统理论,基本上都是循着简单货币数量学说的原则,以均衡理论为依据,着重在流通领域中用价格机制来解释     

国际货币体系演进的路径与动因分析

有效的国际货币体系较好地解决了国际清偿力的提供、国际收支不平衡的合理调整和国际经济主体对世界储备货币的信心三大问题.至今为止,国际货币体系的演进历经国际金本位制、布雷顿森林体系和牙买加体系三大阶段.体系的演进可从四大动因中得到相当程度的解释,分别是实力、信心、流动性和不对称性.国际货币体系作为动态化制度,其演进变迁展现出人们的无奈和智慧.     

人民币汇率变动及趋势分析

自改革开放以来,人民币汇率制度经历了5个时期的改革,才逐渐形成了目前的以市场供求为基础、参考一篮子货币进行调节、有管理的浮动汇率制度.影响人民币汇率变动的主要因素有经济发展状况、国际收支状况、货币国际化程度、政治因素、财政政策等.从长期看,人民币汇率基础比较稳定,国际地位将进一步提升,将保持长期稳定并有一定的升值空间;从短期看,尽管受国际因素干扰,有升值或贬值的压力,但人民币汇率整体保持稳定,可能略有小幅波动.     

A new assessment of floating exchange rates

The switch to floating exchange rates during the 1970s has given economists the first comprehensive opportunity to assess the arguments for and against floating. Much new work has been done on various aspects of floating exchange rate behaviour. This article attempts a limited survey of the evidence concerning two important issues—whether floating exchange rates are inherently unstable and whether they harm international trade.     

Flexible exchange rates and international trade: An empirical investigation of bilateral flows

This paper investigates the alleged adverse effect of floating exchange rates on international trade. A simple model is constructed to test the relationship between exchange rate variability and bilateral trade flows between the United States and three of its major trading partners: Canada, Japan and Germany. Using data from 1960 to 1983 to encompass both “stable” and floating rate regimes, it is shown that while exchange rate variability is considerably higher in the floating period, there is no evidence that this greater variability has had a negative impact on trade flows.     

NAFTA Chapter 11: “Tantamount to Expropriation”: Tantamount to Explosive

This paper provides an alternative methodology for testing the degree of international capital mobility through the analysis of a causality direction between the exchange rate and the interest rate for Sweden. The change of exchange rate regime in Sweden in 1992 is used here to illustrate how the alternative exchange rate regimes, fixed and floating, affect the degree of international capital flows. On the basis of new Granger non-causality testing procedures developed by Toda and Yamamoto (1995), the results exhibit that Granger-causality is unidirectional, running from interest rate to exchange rate under the floating exchange rate regime. The implication of this result is that the hypothesis of high capital mobility is supported only under the floating exchange rate regime.     

The Economics of Exchange‐Rate Regimes: A Review Essay

The exchange‐rate regime issue has taken centre‐stage in discussions of international economic policy. Much of the profession appears to have been converted to ‘the hypothesis of the vanishing middle regime’; for countries well‐integrated into world capital markets, there is little, if any, middle ground between floating exchange rates and monetary unification. This paper considers the exchange‐rate‐regime issue in the context of recent books on the subject by W. Max Corden and Morris Goldstein. Both authors prescribe managed floating exchange rates, supplemented with inflation targeting, for emerging‐market economies. Under managed floating, and with a credible monetary policy, the public finances in order, and strengthened debt management and prudential regulation, the exchange rate is free to act as a market gauge for assessing policies and as a mode of conflict resolution. Both authors also argue, however, that no exchange‐rate regime is a Holy Grail. Ultimately, a credible exchange‐rate regime depends upon the trust evoked by governments. There is no exchange‐rate regime, whether of the managed‐floating or hard‐fix variety, that can eradicate a history of failed stabilisation attempts.     

关于人民币双重压力缓解和汇制改革的思考

分别从内外两个角度分析了目前的经济形势,得出了人民币面临着双重压力———既有升值的外在压力又有贬值的内在要求这一结论。根据这一结论,提出了缓解双重压力的措施,即保持人民币汇率稳定的对外缓解升值压力,对内扩大内需;接着,提出了人民币汇率制度改革的方向:短期,继续维持人民币汇率基本稳定;中期,改钉住汇率制度为汇率目标区制度;长期,退出汇率目标区制度,实行浮动汇率制。     

International trade in a system of floating exchange rates

Since the introduction of the system of floating exchange rates policy-makers have been troubled by uncertainties regarding the effects of this system on international trade. Do exchange rate changes affect trade flows? Can governments manipulate exchange rates? Have countries been “injured” by exchange rate changes? What are the real costs of international monetary instability? Answers to these key questions are given in the following article.     

稳步推进人民币汇率制度改革——结合国际经验的探讨

为了保持国民经济稳定快速增长，为了给金融改革创造适当的外部环境，为了应对较大规模的“货币错配”风险，为了防止“日元升值综合症”在中国重演，人民币汇率弹性化改革应当采用渐进方式。这个过程中，为了有效抵御国际投机资本冲击，中国应采用由公开宣布的管理浮动汇率制度、着眼于汇率稳定的频繁外汇市场干预、规模较大的外汇储备组合而成的“三位一体”政策组合；为有效控制汇率风险，中国还应加强针对货币错配的资拳项目管制和审慎监管。     

我国国际资本流动影响因素的实证研究

本文对1982-2004年期间我国的国际资本流动状况及其影响因素进行了实证研究。研究结果表明:我国国际资本流动存在着数量上波动性和方向上双向性之特点,其主要影响因素是人民币汇率预期,其次是物价水平和名义汇率,而利率因素的影响并非显著。其政策含义是,在当前内外经济条件下,人民币升值并非可举之策;但在长远,资本流动的双向性决定了浮动汇率制度是我国汇率制度改革的必然选择。     

资本项目可兑换与汇率制度的互动协调分析

资本项目可兑换与汇率制度相互作用、相互协调.一方面,市场化汇率制度是资本项目可兑换的前提和基础;另一方面,资本项目可兑换决定均衡汇率,并促进汇率制度弹性化和市场化.随着中国经济不断发展和日益融入国际经济体系,中国应进一步开放资本项目,相应地逐步增大汇率制度的弹性空间,最终实现资本项目可兑换和浮动汇率制度.     

The short run efficacy of monetary policy under floating exchange rates reconsidered

This paper disputes the argument that the short-run effectiveness of monetary policy in stabilizing domestic output under floating rates is necessarily reduced if elasticities of demand for imports and exports with respect to the current exchange rate are low and capital flows depend on the exchange rate. It is shown that the relative efficacy of monetary changes is determined by the interest rate elasticity of international interest payments and receipts and the effect of exchange rate variations on the demand for money in addition to the exchange rate elasticities of trade and capital flows.