Turkey: Trade Policy Review, 2007

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the main issues highlighted in the Trade Policy Review: Turkey 2007. The paper studies first the main developments in Turkey’s trade regime and trade performance. Next it discusses Turkish trade policy under the headings of measures affecting imports, exports and foreign direct investment. The paper notes that the formation of the 1995 EU–Turkey customs union has contributed to a significant increase in the contestability of domestic markets through infusing predictability, transparency and stability to trade policy as well as by liberalising market access. But free trade in industrial goods between Turkey and the EU could still not be established mainly because of non‐tariff barriers and in particular because of the various problems faced in the elimination of technical barriers to trade (TBT). The final section of the paper discusses first the role of standards and conformity assessment in general terms and thereafter evaluates critically the Turkish approach to elimination of TBTs.     

Liberalising the Movement of Natural Persons: A Lost Decade?

Liberalisation of international trade in services through the Movement of Natural Persons (Mode 4) remains one of the least negotiated issues of trade policy among the 144 members of the World Trade Organisation. Economists believe that there is a basic convergence of economic interest between the developed and the developing world for liberalising Mode 4. Yet the multilateral trading system has not facilitated greater worker mobility between the labour‐surplus and labour‐scarce countries. Is there any economic logic as to why cross‐border movements of workers have not followed the pattern predicted by international trade theory? Or are there strong socio‐political barriers that have come in the way of liberalising Mode 4? These are some of the questions the paper attempts to answer. The paper shows that the economic arguments against the free movement of natural persons are based on the narrow perspective of the welfare of domestic workers while ignoring the benefit it brings to the economy as a whole. Further, non‐economic arguments miss the point that the movement of workers under Mode 4 of GATS is temporary in nature, and so unlikely to have any lasting social and cultural spillovers. The paper gives specific illustrations from the recent past where temporary import of workers from labour‐surplus countries has enabled both developed and developing countries sustain their economic growth. It concludes by arguing that the environment for renegotiating WTO commitments under this important sector of international trade in services is better than ever before, even though the current world economic slowdown may delay actual negotiations for a while.     

Telecommunications in the European internal market

The completion of the European internal market by 1992 is one of the EC Commission’s key objectives. European integration is to be given fresh impetus by removing remaining frontier controls and trade barriers, liberalising public procurement and limiting the number of sectors protected from competition, such as finance, transport and communications. The following article analyses the possible effects of the proposals concerning telecommunications equipment and services outlined in a Green Paper from the Commission.     

Trade policymaking in Uruguay: Recent trends and challenges ahead

This paper reviews the main recent trends in trade and trade policy in Uruguay. At first sight, between 2012 and 2018 no major changes are noticed in trade and trade policy in the country. Trade lost importance as share of national GDP, exports concentrated in primary sectors, and tariffs remained unchanged. However, some advances are noted. Trade in services increased substantially, export markets diversified, and the country participated actively in multilateral negotiations. As part of MERCOSUR, the country has just signed two potentially liberalising agreements, and the bloc’s internal agenda is also being modernized. At the national level, the country has undergone a series of reforms to modernise its customs procedures and facilitate trade. Some challenges lie ahead. MERCOSUR needs to consolidate the recent liberalising trend, and needs to work on its internal agenda, to liberalise interregional trade, remove non-tariff barriers and harmonise special regimes for imports. Uruguay, for its part, needs to continue with its domestic reforms to consolidate trade facilitation, to reduce duties and charges to trade, and to attract foreign investment.     

我国电信基础业务FDI壁垒及行业影响

本文的目的是分析加入世贸组织以来我国电信业基础业务开放的情况,并测量电信基础业务市场FDI壁垒及其对行业发展的影响。非政策性壁垒确定主要基于2010年对电信业中外资服务商的第一手调研资料,利用Warren壁垒评分标准和层次分析方法测算综合壁垒指数。研究结果表明,加入世贸组织以来我国基础电信开放的政策性环境有了明显改善,同时非政策性壁垒的影响开始显现,成为客观评价行业开放度的重要因素。研究还表明,通过扩大开放、提高利用外资水平来进一步促进行业发展仍有较大的空间。     

基于CGE模型定量探析碳关税对我国经济的影响

碳关税是发达国家在应对金融危机中为保持本国经济对其他国家设置的绿色壁垒。文章基于可计算一般均衡(CGE)模型,在生产模块、对外贸易模块、收入支出模块、碳关税模块等模型相互嵌入式的构建,定量探析碳关税对我国对外贸易、总体经济、生态环境、不同省区经济的影响,进而得出碳关税政策对我国外贸、经济生产等方面造成较大负面影响,而在生态环境改善下影响甚微,其实质是一种保护本国经济、阻碍中国经济发展的贸易壁垒。     

Australian Exports of Dairy Products

Abstract

Exports of dairy products are becoming increasingly important in terms of export earnings for Australia. The industry is the fourth highest foreign exchange earner compared to all Australia's food exports. However, Australian exports of dairy products account for about 67 per cent of the total Australian production of dairy products, and about 13 per cent of total world exports of dairy products. About 68 per cent of Australian dairy products exports are sold on Asian markets. The purpose of this paper is to examine the challenging issues and opportunities for Australian exports of dairy products on world markets and to identify potential and emerging export markets for Australian dairy products. Australia is highly restricted on its access to world dairy product markets by the impact of export subsidies and other trade barriers of overseas markets. The current economic and political crises in Asia are also not favourable to maintain export sales on some of the Asian markets. The export support scheme in Australia has made exporting attractive relative to domestic sales. But it is anticipated that the termination of the scheme after June 2000, will reduce production and exports by 6 and 20 per cent, respectively in the short run. However, in the long run, resources will be efficiently used without government intervention and Australian dairy products will also be competitive on the domestic market. There is scope for greater market opportunities in the emerging markets in Asia and other parts of the world for Australian dairy products. Australia will also benefit from the agreement on international trade that directs exporting countries to reduce export subsidy and remove nontariff trade barriers on exports of dairy products. Australia should implement appropriate measures to inaease the milk yield per cow, to improve the quality of dairy products and to identify the need for market promotion and research in order to increase the volume of dairy product exports on world markets, especially in Asia and other potential markets such as Middle East, Africa, Europe and the Americas.     

工资、技术转移与国际劳动力流动壁垒

:国际劳动力流动是世界经济发展的巨大动力,但受到各国针对外国劳动力流动政策壁垒影响,其对世界经济的贡献受到限制。文章利用收益函数和间接贸易效用函数,探讨外国劳动力流入的工资、数量和技术转移问题与东道国外国劳动力流动壁垒形成的逻辑关系,从理论上证明国际劳动力流动壁垒的形成机理,从而说明各国在设计外国劳动力政策时,主要以此三方面为主要考核因素,保护东道国居民福利。      

技术性贸易壁垒经济分析的综合模型和弹性条件

本文建立了技术性贸易壁垒对进口国经济影响的综合分析模型,同时以中国与欧盟鞋类制品贸易为例建立了大国模型,该模型与PhilipL.Paarlberge和JohnG.Lee(1998)的口蹄疫经济分析模型在分析视角上有很大的不同。分析结果表明,从全局来看,进口国设置过当的或歧视性的技术性贸易壁垒是得不偿失的。本文还建立了技术性贸易壁垒对出口国经济效应的分析模型,得到了两个弹性系数条件,条件分析说明:在一般情况下,进口国提高技术性贸易壁垒的门槛(符合成本)将使本国厂商利润不断增加,外国出口厂商的利润不断下降。在特别情况下,进口国也可通过控制本国厂商的符合成本,达到上述目的。     

Adapting the Knowledge‐capital Model of the Multinational Enterprise to Trade and Investment in Business Services

At some conceptual level, trade in goods and services are not that much different. However, the speed at which trade and foreign investment in services is growing, along with the fact that the barriers to these activities are quite different from those for trade in goods, prompts us to take a more careful look. The paper begins with a general discussion about the various policies and technological constraints that impact foreign trade and the establishment of foreign commercial presence in intermediate business services. We then discuss which characteristics an accurate modelling approach must capture. Following that, we develop a model that allows for different regimes of trade and/or foreign affiliate production in services using Markusen's knowledge‐capital model. Simulations show that the pattern of service firm headquarters and office locations can differ considerably depending on whether it is trade, investment, or both that are either liberalised or become technologically feasible. Our results find that the welfare and factor‐price consequences are quite similar across the different scenarios.     

海外对中国内地贸易与直接投资的相互关系

国际贸易和国际直接投资是一国企业进入海外市场的两种主要策略,随着世界经济日益开放和紧密联系,这两种策略之间的联系也日益重要。鉴于美国、日本、香港地区、新加坡在中国内地对外贸易和吸收直接投资中占有很大比重,我们在相关理论陈述的基础上,运用SPSS统计软件,对这四个国家(地区)与中国内地的进出口贸易和直接投资的关系进行了相关分析与回归分析。分析发现,除香港地区外,这些国家对内地贸易与直接投资之间基本上是正向相关的,两者之间互补的情形比替代情形更为普遍,由此我们提出了一些政策建议。     

Migration and trade: Theory with an application to the Eastern-Western European integration

The remarkable increase in trade flows and in migratory flows of highly educated people are two important features of globalization of the last decades. This paper extends a two-country model of inter- and intra-industry trade to a rich environment featuring technological differences, skill differences and the possibility of international labor mobility. The model is used to explain the patterns of trade and migration as countries remove barriers to trade and to labor mobility. We parameterize the model to match the features of the Western and Eastern European members of the EU and analyze first the effects of the trade liberalization which occurred between 1989 and 2004, and then the gains and losses from migration which are expected to occur if legal barriers to labor mobility are substantially reduced. The lower barriers to migration would result in significant migration of skilled workers from Eastern European countries. Interestingly, this would not only benefit the migrants and most Western European workers but, via trade, it would also benefit the workers remaining in Eastern Europe.     

我国出口贸易预警系统理论与实证分析

近几年来,在世界贸易自由化不断发展的大环境下,我国外贸出口一直保持着强劲的势头。但各种不利因素对我国出口贸易的影响也在不断增加,技术性壁垒,外国反倾销等措施都使得我国的出口面临巨大的压力与挑战。建立我国出口贸易预警机制,以促进我国出口贸易的健康发展,这对于我国对外贸易而言,有着重要的理论意义与实际意义。     

我国对外贸易遭遇技术壁垒的原因及对策研究

入世后，随着我国对外贸易的快速发展，技术壁垒已成为我国对外贸易的巨大障碍，严重影响着我国产品的出口，并引起贸易争端。我国技术标准低下、产品技术水平低、对技术壁垒信息缺乏了解等是我国出口产品遭遇技术壁垒的主要原因。我国政府部门、行业协会以及相关企业应采取行之有效的应对技术壁垒的对策。     

不完全竞争下区际贸易政策选择

大国的国内区际贸易可以为该国产业和企业在国际市场提供竞争力支撑。我国作为一个大国,区际贸易因贸易壁垒的广泛存在而受阻,难以为我国产业和企业在国际市场提供竞争力支撑。本文分析了不完全竞争产业区际贸易壁垒存在的经济驱动力,其基本结论是:区际贸易壁垒不仅有利于本地区厂商在本地市场中获得较大的市场份额(即地方保护效应),而且还可以增加本地区厂商的利润(即利润转移效应),并增加本地区的福利;但当所有地方政府都采取贸易保护政策时,会导致所有区域福利水平的降低,从而导致一国整体国民福利的损失。这一结论为中央政府采取相应的措施协调国内区际贸易政策以消除国内市场分割提供了理论依据。     

Deutschlands Position in der Weltwirtschaft

In recent years, German exports have increased at a slower pace than before the global financial crisis. Moreover, the growth contribution of foreign trade was significantly smaller. This article examines how German exports have developed since the turn of the millennium, both globally and in specific regions, and relative to world trade. The results are threefold. A look at the most important trade partners reveals that, firstly, the European economies continue to absorb the largest part of German exports. Asia and the US follow as the largest sales markets outside Europe. Secondly, the German world market share is mainly driven by the development of Germany’s market position in the EU and the US; China and the remaining Asian countries play a subordinated role in this respect. Thirdly, a comparison between the growth rates of German exports and world trade is not always useful for statements about the change in the German global market share.     

The welfare effect of tariff rate reductions in a many country world

Consider a two-commodity n-country model without inferior goods where import tariffs are the only trade barriers. In this paper we establish that the world's welfare is improved if the country with the highest tariff rate unilaterally reduce its rate to the level of the second highest country or if all the countries of the world reduce tariff rates proportionally. The second rule serves as a theoretical justification of the Kennedy and Tokyo Round Tariff Reductions.     

电信服务贸易自由化的经济效应研究综述

GATS框架下的电信多边谈判使世界电信市场的开放进程有了明确的时间表,它通过督促各国积极实践电信承诺来推进电信服务自由化。电信服务贸易自由化不仅促进各国电信服务的相互渗透,而且有利于电信服务消费者福利的改善。电信市场开放以来取得的巨大成就显示了服务贸易自由化对经济的重要作用。     

山东省对外贸易与环境保护协调发展问题研究

基于贸易与环境的相关性,就山东省对外贸易与环境保护的相互影响,山东省对外贸易与环境保护并没有取得协调的发展,盲目增长的进出口贸易带来了环境污染;同时,绿色贸易壁垒正在对山东省的对外贸易产生越来越大的负面影响。因此,针对这些情况,政府应推进环保产业的发展,扶植一批具有国际竞争力的环保企业,并建立外经贸和环保以及质检部门的协调机制,企业则采取实现绿色管理、组建绿色联盟、绕开绿色壁垒等实现对外贸易与环境保护协调发展。     

服务贸易政策的成本估计:基于STRI的关税等价

文章利用OECD的服务贸易限制指数(STRI)和亚洲开发银行多区域投入产出表,运用Anderson和Van Wincoop (2003)引力模型分析框架和泊松伪极大似然(PPML)估计技术,研究了服务贸易政策对服务总值贸易和增加值贸易的影响效应,并评估了政策壁垒的关税等价。研究发现,进口国服务贸易政策对服务总值进口以及内涵的国内增加值和国外增加值均有显著抑制作用,且对国外增加值的进口抑制作用更大。对于不同行业,服务贸易政策的经济成本存在显著差异,服务贸易政策促进了电信服务和航空运输服务的跨境贸易,但是对其他行业跨境贸易有显著抑制作用,2018年关税等价介于2.4%~249.8%之间。