专利密集型产业再认识：一个新分析框架

利用4次经济普查数据，构建专利密集型产业经济绩效比较优势影响因素分析框架。研究结果表明，在控制区域差异和产业异质性后，相比于非专利密集型产业，专利质量比较优势会显著提升专利密集型产业竞争优势；技术标准是专利密集型产业发展的制高点，技术标准数量优势对专利密集型产业经济比较优势有正向促进作用；相比内资企业，专利密集型产业外资企业的经济比较优势更显著，这主要归功于其较强的专利运营能力和更高的专利质量。据此，提出相关对策建议。     

服务贸易结构对我国专利数量的影响研究——基于技术溢出效应的角度

实证分析了服务贸易结构对我国专利数量的影响。研究表明,劳动密集型服务贸易对专利数量有负面影响,其弹性系数为-0.026;资本密集型服务贸易和技术知识密集型服务贸易对专利数量有正面影响,其弹性系数分别为0.029和0.058。将专利细分为发明专利、实用新型和外观设计后,从横向上比较,我们发现在对技术含量最高的发明专利的溢出效应中,技术知识密集型服务贸易所占的比重最大;而从纵向上看,在对技术含量最低的外观设计的溢出效应中,这3种服务贸易的溢出效应都要显著大于其对于其它两种专利的溢出效应。     

比较优势原理对发展中国家的误导

发展中国家的比较优势主要体现在资源和劳动密集型产业上，科学技术的落后使发展中国家发展资金和技术密集型产业的力量有限，产业结构升级和技术结构提升缓慢，在国际分工中处于劣势，也因此在多边贸易协定中受到更大的制约。例如反倾销措施在很大程度上瓦解了发展中国家劳动密集型产业的成本优势，发展中国家过分依赖成本优势和科技水平的局限性难以逾越技术性贸易壁垒。和发达国家相比，发展中国家的劳动力资源丰富，根据要素禀赋理论，适宜出口资源和劳动密集型成品，进口资金和技术密集型产品。要素禀赋理论建立在比较优势原理之上。     

贸易自由化、有偏的学习效应与发展中国家的工资差异

本文构建了一个模型来研究贸易自由化对熟练劳动力与非熟练劳动力工资差异的影响,从而解释发展中国家工资差异之谜。在贸易自由化之后,发展中国家接触和学习到相对多的与熟练劳动力匹配的技术知识,因此,和生产与非熟练劳动力匹配的技术知识相比,生产与熟练劳动力匹配的技术知识的生产力水平上升相对较多。也就是说,学习效应是有偏的。因为技术知识的生产是熟练劳动力密集型的,所以学习效应会导致对熟练劳动力需求的增加,扩大工资差异。同时,有偏的学习效应会使技术进步更偏向于技能密集型,从而进一步导致对熟练劳动力需求的增加,扩大工资差异。     

产业集聚对创新活力的影响：专利密集型与非专利密集型产业比较

在全国倡导大力发展专利密集型产业、建设专利密集型产业集聚区的背景下，以江苏省2011-2015年工业数据为研究对象，采用面板数据回归模型探究不同集聚模式对产业创新活力的影响，并以专利密集型产业为划分依据，分析产业集聚对产业创新活力的影响是否因产业性质不同而有所差异。结果显示，产业集聚对专利密集型与非专利密集型产业创新活力的影响有显著差异，多样化集聚模式能够促进专利密集型产业创新活力，但对于非专利密集型产业而言，产业集聚并没有促进其产业创新活力提升。政府部门在规划产业布局时，可以引导区域内产业多元化发展。     

服务业产业内贸易理论探究

传统产业内贸易理论在对服务产业的解释中均有所体现,使得从资源禀赋、产品性质(包括资本密集型产品、劳动密集型产品、技术密集型产品等)、消费者需求、规模经济、产品差异性(包括同质产品的差异化以及异质产品的差异化)等方面来解释产业内贸易现象的传统产业内贸易理论同样适用于服务业产业内贸易的分析。     

资源禀赋、比较优势与中部崛起的产业选择

中部崛起问题成为学界关注的焦点,文章基于比较优势的理论分析表明:目前中部地区相对于东部而言,其劳动力资源、自然资源相对丰富而资本相对稀缺,因而中部应基于要素禀赋结构选择劳动力密集型产业、其他类型产业的劳动力密集型生产环节以及自然资源型产业,以充分发挥其比较优势,提高产业的核心竞争力,只有如此才能提高其资本积累速度;随着要素禀赋结构的相对变化,中部地区逐渐增加资本密集型产业以及技术密集型产业,以最终实现中部地区的产业结构调整及技术升级的目的。     

劳动禀赋结构与技能偏向性技术进步——基于技术前沿国家的分析

本文分析了技术前沿国家劳动力市场极化背景下劳动禀赋结构对技能偏向性技术进步的影响。理论模型表明,技能偏向性技术进步的方向取决于高、中、低技能劳动间的替代弹性和劳动禀赋结构的变化。实证结果表明,劳动禀赋结构对技能偏向性技术进步存在显著的影响。其中,1970-1990年间,高技能劳动与中低技能劳动存在替代关系,因此,高技能劳动相对供给上升促进了高技能偏向性技术进步。1990-2007年间,高技能劳动与低技能劳动变为互补关系,因此高技能劳动相对供给上升同时促进了高、低技能偏向性技术进步,但抑制了中等技能偏向性技术进步。本文的结论为劳动力市场极化提供了支持证据,也为研究中国就业极化现象提供了借鉴。     

刍议产业选择与企业规模

只有选择得当的产业和技术,企业才能够充分利用资源禀赋带来的比较优势.在这一条件下,资源禀赋决定企业发展的规模,进而决定产业的规模结构.运用道格拉斯生产函数分析资本密集型企业与劳动密集型企业规模差异的原因.     

我国专利密集型产业绿色全要素生产率测度及收敛性研究

基于2007—2017年专利密集型产业面板数据，运用GML指数模型测度专利密集型产业8个行业的绿色全要素生产率，并对其进行收敛性分析。研究发现，专利密集型产业绿色全要素生产率整体水平较高，与传统全要素生产率相比，“波特假说”初步显现；总体上，专利密集型产业绿色全要素生产率呈上升趋势，技术进步贡献最大，不同行业的绿色全要素生产率增长水平和动态趋势不尽相同；整体行业、强专利密集型行业和弱专利密集型行业绿色全要素生产率内部差距仍然较大，整体行业与强专利密集型行业趋向共同稳态和自身稳态收敛，弱专利密集型行业仅趋向自身稳态收敛；行业集中度、行业规模对行业整体和弱专利密集型行业绿色全要素生产率具有正向作用，研发投入对强专利密集型行业绿色全要素生产率具有显著正向作用。     

产业特性与专利联盟经济效率

由互补性专利形成的专利联盟能够克服“专利丛林”问题、提高纵向产业链经济效率,这一结论是对专利联盟的一般共识。以生物技术产业为例,从产业特性角度,分析在存在溢出效应和产品差异化的情况下,由互补性专利组成的专利联盟经济效率问题。研究发现,当专利联盟的形成导致溢出效应很大且最终产品近似可替代时,由互补性专利组成的专利联盟会降低社会总福利水平,这为专利联盟的反垄断规制审查提供了一种新的理论见解。     

最优专利制度研究

本文构建了一个动态一般均衡模型来研究最优专利长度和最优专利宽度的问题。研究结论表明,最优的专利长度和专利宽度都是有限的。专利长度的增加会通过促进创新来提高社会福利水平,同时,也会导致市场扭曲,从而降低社会福利水平,但随着专利长度的不断增加,前者的效应会小于后者的效应,因此,有限的专利长度是最优的。有效的专利宽度应该一方面使得模仿产品的质量水平不要太低,从而保证模仿产品对专利产品形成潜在的威胁,逼迫专利产品的价格低于垄断价格,减小市场扭曲;另一方面使得模仿产品的质量不要太高,从而保证专利产品能够制定较高的垄断价格,促进创新。     

假冒生产对专利制度的伤害

本文是对中国年轻的专利制度的经济学分析。通过一个包含假冒生产行为的理论模型和相应的计量检验 ,我们研究了中国普遍存在的假冒生产活动对专利保护的影响 ,并得出结论 :中国 1 993年以延长专利保护时间为主的专利法修改未使地区专利申请和研究开发投入的倾向上升 ,反而有所下降 ,原因在于专利保护时间的延长刺激了更多的假冒企业进入那些具有较大假冒潜力的行业 ,从而专利开发企业的利益受到了损害 ,也就没有动力进行进一步的研究开发和专利申请。对一切行业实行相同的专利保护期T与相同的惩罚假冒力度K ,必定违反最优专利制度设计原则。应该针对不同行业的假冒生产特点 ,通过制定相应的法律政策使假冒潜力最大的行业假冒成本提高。另外 ,就当前关于计算机软件保护的争论 ,本文认为软件行业过去保护不足。     

Lovely but dangerous: The impact of patent citations on patent renewal

What is the impact of patent citations on patent renewal behaviour? Patent citations are commonly used as an indicator of technology spillovers. For cited patents, therefore, patent citations have a potentially ambiguous impact. On the one hand, patent citations may indicate a scientific breakthrough, a high value of the cited patent and therefore a long survival period. On the other hand, patent citations may indicate competing innovations that render the cited patent obsolete. By discriminating patents by technology field, it is demonstrated that patents that receive citations across technology fields survive longer than other patents. Patents that receive citations within the same technology field lapse earlier.     

The relationship between a firm's patent quality and its market value — The case of US pharmaceutical industry

This study examined the relationships between corporate market value and four patent quality indicators - relative patent position (RPP), revealed technology advantage (RTA), Herfindahl-Hirschman Index of patents (HHI of patents), and patent citations - in the US pharmaceutical industry. The results showed that RPP and patent citations were positively associated with corporate market value, but HHI of patents was negatively associated with it, while RTA was not significantly related to it. Thus, if pharmaceutical companies want to enhance their market value, they should increase their leading positions in their most important technological fields, cultivate more diversity of technological capabilities, and raise innovative value of their patents. In addition, this study found that market value of pharmaceutical companies with high patent counts was higher than that of pharmaceutical companies with low patent counts, and suggested that pharmaceutical companies with low patent counts should increase RPP in their most technological fields, decrease HHI of patents, or raise patent citations to further enhance their market value. Furthermore, this study developed a classification for the pharmaceutical companies to divide them into four types, and provided some suggestions to them.     

Patent breadth as effective barrier to market entry

Firms protecting their invention by a patent have the legal right to exclude competitors from using the patented matter. However, despite patent protection, competitors could enter the market by ‘inventing around’. Provided that inventing around becomes more difficult the broader a patent is, the strength of protection against market entry increases in patent breadth. Building on a theoretical benchmark formalizing the relationship between varying patent breadth and the threat of market entry, our empirical analysis supports the prediction that inventors perceive broad patents as effective market entry barriers.     

Exploring technology diffusion and classification of business methods: Using the patent citation network

Among the many technology forecasting indicators, patents and patent citations are useful and important indicators. The more frequently a certain patent is cited by subsequent patents, the more the related technology can be said to be diffused, implying that the technology is more widely applied and thus more valuable. This paper analyzes the business methods technology which retrieves patents from the USPTO database. There are two purposes of this paper: 1. establish the indicators for finding basic patents and measure the relationship of these basic patents; 2. classify the basic patents and explain the groups of technology diffusion. Finally, this study identifies the two mainstreams in business method technology: one is focused on marketing technology, and the other one stresses on data security. Both are important for Internet data processes or e-commerce activities.     

Optimal patent length and height

Patent breadth and length have been discussed extensively in innovation literature. In this article, I analyze the optimal degree of novelty of patent protection and its tradeoff with patent length. In the context of subsequent innovations each innovation builds on the previous one. The degree of novelty necessary for a non-infringing patent is crucial for the firms’ incentive to innovate. One of the findings is that a monopolist’s optimal degree of novelty is lesser than would be socially desirable. Furthermore, there exists a finite optimal patent length. Competitors introducing an improved technology cause uncertainty which may be compensated by extending patent length.

Effects of blocking patents on R&D: a quantitative DGE analysis

What are the effects of blocking patents on R&;D and consumption? This paper develops a quality-ladder growth model with overlapping intellectual property rights and capital accumulation to quantitatively evaluate the effects of blocking patents. The analysis focuses on two policy variables (a) patent breadth that determines the amount of profits created by an invention and (b) the profit-sharing rule that determines the distribution of profits between current and former inventors along the quality ladder. The model is calibrated to aggregate data of the US economy. Under parameter values that match key features of the US economy and show equilibrium R&;D underinvestment, I find that optimizing the profit-sharing rule of blocking patents would lead to a significant increase in R&;D, consumption and welfare. Also, the paper derives and quantifies a dynamic distortionary effect of patent policy on capital accumulation.     

A heuristic procedure to identify the most valuable chain of patent priority network

In this study, we provide support for the argument that patents are at their maximum value at those times when they are under litigation. We develop a heuristic procedure to determine the way in which such patents under litigation form a network of patent family members, and then go on to examine the priority patents involved. We subsequently attempt to develop a simple procedure to further identify both the ‘critical’ and ‘significant’ chains within our proposed patent priority network. We suggest that the ‘critical’ and ‘significant’ chains that are created within the above network provide companies with important information which will ultimately provide them with valuable support for the subsequent decision of their patent portfolio strategies.