产业集群氛围对群内企业技术创新双向影响的实证研究

从内部竞争、知识溢出、嵌入性和专业分工这4个产业集群特性要素出发,构建了产业集群对技术创新的双向影响模型。据此模型提出相关研究假设,并对研究假设进行实证分析。实证分析结果表明:除专业分工要素外,其余3个要素对集群内部企业的技术创新影响均存在倒U型规律。最后,通过案例分析再次印证了产业集群氛围对集群内企业技术创新存在正负两个方面的影响。     

装备制造产业集群中的知识溢出悖论--基于静态博弈的一种分析

装备制造业在我国占据重要地位。利用集群促进知识溢出是提高装备制造产业自主创新能力的重要途径。在集群创新体系不完善的条件下,部分装备企业的技术创新能力却并未因产业集群的形成而得到明显改善,集群创新效应仍未凸显,较高的产业关联程度以及快速的技术扩散速度降低了创新型企业拥有知识的垄断价值,影响了正向知识溢出效应的充分发挥,从而产生了负效应即“知识溢出悖论”。文章结合装备制造产业集群的技术创新特点,利用完全信息静态博弈模型对知识溢出悖论进行理论解释,并提出相关对策,包括构建网络化知识产权保护体系、加强装备制造业集群平台建设、强化核心企业扶持力度等,以期为提升装备制造业技术创新能力提供理论和实践参考。     

浙江省高新技术产业集群知识溢出的实证研究

分别用专业化指数和多样化指数衡量高新技术产业集群的集群内知识溢出(即Mar溢出)和集群间知识溢出(即Jac溢出)。以浙江省13个高新技术开发区为研究对象,分析了各高新技术产业集群聚集的驱动因素,计算了其知识溢出半径并总结了其知识溢出辐射范围。构建固定效应模型,实证研究了Mar知识溢出和Jac知识溢出对高新技术产业集群的经济增长和技术创新能力的影响。结果表明:浙江省沿海城市高新技术产业集群的集聚主要受多样化知识溢出驱动,浙江省内陆城市高新技术产业集群的集聚主要受专业化知识溢出驱动;Jac知识溢出既能促进集群的经济增长,又能增强其技术创新能力,而Mar知识溢出主要能提高集群的技术创新能力,但在促进经济增长方面的效果甚微。     

知识溢出、吸收能力与本土供应商创新绩效——基于珠三角制造业企业的实证分析

笔者利用珠三角制造业企业调查问卷进行实证研究,重点考察吸收能力、知识溢出对本土供应商创新绩效的影响。研究结果表明:跨国公司的显性和隐性知识溢出对供应商技术创新有明显促进作用;供应商的吸收能力对知识溢出和创新绩效有正向调节作用,即供应商的吸收能力不仅有利于其技术创新,而且强化知识溢出对其创新绩效的促进作用;隐性知识溢出在吸收能力的正向调节作用下,对创新绩效的作用更明显。此外,笔者对国内市场导向和出口导向型供应商进行了分组检验。     

产业集群技术创新的自组织过程分析——基于动态博弈的视角分析

产业集群是区域经济发展的重要载体,具有自组织特征的产业集群发展离不开企业技术创新。产业集群内部企业之间的协同技术创新,是提升产业集群技术创新水平的关键。基于自组织理论的视角,分析了集群企业在技术创新过程中的动态重复博弈过程,认为产业集群主导企业的技术创新能力是推动性因素,而技术溢出效应、中小配套企业的模仿策略则是推进产业集群进行协同技术创新的障碍性因素,最后针对上述问题提出了提高产业集群技术创新能力的对策性建议。     

高科技产业集群中知识溢出效应的模型分析

知识溢出是高科技产业集群中的一个突出现象,以高科技产业集群中企业衍生为例,对知识溢出、知识流失、企业研发以及知识获取等要素进行模型分析,结果表明,在高科技产业集群中,知识溢出的短期效应是企业出现知识溢出负外部性即企业知识流失,但是随着企业加大研发与学习的投入,将会出现知识溢出的长期效应即正外部性:产业集群中知识存量增加,每个企业都有机会获得和利用更多的外部知识,形成高科技产业集群技术升级的良性循环。     

知识溢出与产业集群技术创新

集群内部的知识溢出是相互的,知识溢出的程度主要取决于知识本身的性质。知识溢出对产业集群技术创新的影响是双重的,既有积极的推动作用,也有消极的影响,知识溢出对集群内部成员企业技术创新行为的激励是有条件的。对产业集群内部的知识溢出应给予创新者适当的补偿而不应完全抑制,创新者要有保护知识产权的意识,但保护的目的不是阻止知识的溢出,而是依法维护创新者在知识溢出过程中的合法利益。     

产业集群创新绩效影响要素的作用机理分析

借助产业集群知识溢出的传导过程、知识整合的过程、知识整合对知识溢出的调节过程、创新机制对知识溢出及知识整合能力的调节过程、网络化程度对知识溢出及知识整合能力的调节过程,分析了产业集群创新绩效影响要素的作用机理,明确影响要素之间的相互关系。     

转型背景下产业集群升级的 传导机制及其实现路径 ——基于本地知识溢出的视角

本文基于本地知识溢出的视角,阐述了集群内本地知识溢出的传导机制,从集群内部企业这一微观层面出发,利用对浙江省不同地区代表性产业集群企业的大样本问卷调查数据,实证研究了本地知识溢出对集群企业成长和创新发展的影响与效应。结果表明：企业间直接合作、员工流动和企业知识吸收能力对企业成长和创新发展均有显著正向效应;企业衍生对上述两方面有显著负向效应;企业间非正式交流的影响不显著;政府公共平台的利用效率对企业成长有显著正向效应,而对企业创新发展的影响则不显著。在此基础上,本文提出了产业集群升级可能性路径的政策建议。     

高技术产业集群技术创新文献综述

从知识溢出理论和网络环境理论两个方面,阐述了高技术产业集群技术创新的机理,按照从静态到动态的思路论述了5个典型的模型,回顾了集群与技术创新的实证研究成果,总结了影响产业集群技术创新的各种要素。     

A model of innovation and learning with involuntary spillovers and absorptive capacity

We develop a model of innovation and learning that incorporates explicitly the need for a firm to conduct its own research and development (R&D) in order to realize involuntary spillovers from other firms’ R&D activity and the development of absorptive capacity of research firms over time. The conclusions of the model follow directly from the functional forms that are used to describe the generation and absorption of technological knowledge. The first proposition formally characterizes the steady-state rate of growth of technology for the model. The analysis also shows how some of the key features of two distinct, pure modes of organization of the production of new knowledge, the R&D model and the new localized knowledge model, are implied by our model by simply drastically changing the relative magnitude of two exogenous parameters: the ease of learning and the pace of knowledge advance. The second proposition formally characterizes the connections implied by the model between involuntary spillovers and absorptive capacity. Analysis of the long-term interactions between involuntary spillovers of knowledge and absorptive capacity provides the essential insights into an understanding of the elements of a self-sustained process of endogenous growth. The third and last formal proposition of this paper accommodates firm-level arguments and the crucial role of a firm's absorptive capacity in taking advantage of its location in clusters, as implied by the theoretical model.     

集群网络结构与技术创新绩效关系研究：吸收能力是中介变量吗？

基于209份地方产业集群企业问卷数据,实证分析了集群网络结构、吸收能力以及技术创新绩效三者间的关系和相互作用机制。结果表明：①集群网络结构对吸收能力具有正向影响。网络规模、中心度和强度正向影响企业潜在吸收能力和现实吸收能力;②潜在吸收能力和现实吸收能力显著促进技术创新绩效;③集群网络结构显著促进技术创新绩效。但在集群网络结构的各项指标中,除网络规模外,网络中心度和网络强度并不直接影响创新,而是以吸收能力为中介变量间接影响创新绩效;④在集群网络结构、吸收能力、技术创新绩效三者关系中,潜在和现实吸收能力是发挥网络结构优势、提升创新绩效的关键因素。     

高新技术产业集群知识溢出对企业技术追赶的影响

自主创新和知识溢出是技术落后企业提高知识存量、实现技术追赶的两个主要途径。知识溢出作为产业集群的显著特征之一，对产业集群的创新和发展有着重要影响。首先，以Verspagen＆Canils的知识溢出模型为基础，结合高新技术产业集群的特点，构建产业集群知识溢出模型。然后，以此模型为分析工具，深入分析知识溢出和自主创新共同作用的技术落后企业实现技术追赶的知识存量差距范围，以及知识溢出各影响因素对技术追赶的影响，并以中关村科技园区为样本进行实证分析。在此基础上，提出我国高新技术产业开发区技术落后企业实现技术追赶的政策建议。     

高新技术产业集群知识溢出对企业技术追赶的影响

自主创新和知识溢出是技术落后企业提高知识存量,实现技术追赶的两个主要途径。知识溢出作为产业集群的显著特征之一,对产业集群的创新和发展有着重要影响。首先,以 Verspagen&Caniëls 的知识溢出模型为基础,结合高新技术产业集群的特点,构建产业集群知识溢出模型。然后,以此模型为分析工具,深入分析知识溢出和自主创新共同作用的技术落后企业实现技术追赶的知识存量差距范围,以及知识溢出各影响因素对技术追赶的影响,并以中关村科技园区为样本进行实证分析。在此基础上,提出我国高新技术产业开发区技术落后企业实现技术追赶的政策建议。     

Knowledge spillovers,absorptive capacity and total factor productivity in China’s manufacturing firms

Applying the stochastic frontier framework, this study explores the diffusion and absorption of technological knowledge in China’s manufacturing firms, based on a panel of more than 10,000 local and foreign-invested firms over the period 1998–2001. Our empirical approach allows us to distinguish between technological progress (TP) and technical efficiency (TE) in analysing whether R&D, exports and the presence of foreign direct investment simultaneously enhance TP through knowledge spillovers in a single framework and whether different types of domestic absorptive capacity moderate external knowledge spillovers in relation to TE. The results show that there are positive inter-industry productivity spillovers from R&D and foreign presence, whereas evidence of intra-industry productivity spillovers from FDI to Chinese firms is less robust. We find evidence that absorptive capacity is one of the key determinants to quantitatively explain intra-industry differences in productivity of local Chinese firms. The findings have important policy implications.     

产业集群中知识溢出与区域竞争力提升研究

在知识经济时代,产业集群内知识溢出成为区域经济增长的主要内生变量,发挥着重要的作用,区域的竞争力也日益表现为对知识占有和利用之间的较量,研发创新、知识吸收与创新成为经济发展的内在动力源泉。本文分析了集群内知识溢出主要通过集群内企业间人员流动、集群内企业间观察模仿、集群内企业非正式交流及集群内企业衍生等途径来实现。探讨了集群内知识溢出和技术创新与区域竞争力的相互作用关系。提出了集群内知识溢出有利于集群企业的技术创新能力提升集群的知识积累水平,激活创新活力,增强区域的整体创新功能、有利于集群内企业降低创新成本与风险提升区域创新效率、有利于集群企业的人力资源的流动提升区域竞争力,从而形成集群区域独特的竞争优势。     

Does foreign technology transfer spur domestic innovation? Evidence from the high-speed rail sector in China

This paper investigates the introduction of high-speed railway (HSR) technology into China to study the local impacts of foreign technology transfer. The large-scale technology transfer project, covering specific technological categories and directly benefiting railway-related firms in various cities, enables us to describe how foreign technology is digested and spurs follow-up innovation in firms apart from directly receiving ones. We find that technology transfer generates significant localized spillovers to nearby firms not only in terms of more patents, but also as higher productivity and revenue growth. Moreover, technological similarity, rather than input-output linkages, plays a dominant role in explaining the knowledge spillover both at the firm level and the aggregate level, which indicates the importance of absorptive capacity in digesting foreign technologies. Overall, our paper sheds new light on the innovation policy of developing countries as well as the global business strategy of multinational corporations (MNCs).     

Regional foreign direct investment and technology spillover: evidence across different clusters in India

This paper examines whether there exist productivity spillovers from foreign direct investment (FDI) to domestic firms at the regional level, using firm-level panel dataset covering 22 manufacturing industries in India from 2000 to 2012. In order to estimate the productivity spillovers from FDI at the regional level, we select 10 industrial clusters across 4 regions in India. In estimating productivity, we control for a possible simultaneity bias by using semi-parametric estimation techniques. We find that local firms benefit from horizontal and vertical FDI, but the benefits from the latter are found to be substantially stronger. The absorptive capacity of domestic firms is highly relevant to harvest the spilled technology from foreign-owned firms. Furthermore, we find that domestic firms belonging to high-technology industries benefit more from FDI at the regional level. We also find that market concentration is a crucial conduit for firm innovation, technological upgradation, and having a direct effect on local firm total factor productivity.     

Absorptive capacity, efficiency effect and competitors�� spillovers

Standard innovation surveys do not consider incoming spillovers for non-innovative firms. As a consequence, empirical works may overestimate the absorptive capacity effect, particularly among competitors. The Swiss innovation surveys presented here measure the importance of knowledge for both innovating and non-innovating firms. This original feature enables us to show that knowledge from rivals actually deters manufacturing firms from engaging in R&D activities. We therefore provide stronger evidence that the efficiency effect due to intra-industry spillovers is larger than that generally estimated by data from standard surveys. The R&D based absorptive capacity is weaker than expected, and non-innovative firms as well as non-R&D firms heavily rely on their rivals’ knowledge to maintain their technological capacities.