我国IPO发行抑价现象分析

IPO(首次公开发行)定价中的新股抑价现象是IPO发行定价中的异常现象之一,一般指新股在发行市场的发行价格远低于新股在流通市场的价格,具体表现是新股上市首日交易价巨幅上扬,上市首日即可获得显著的超额回报。IPO抑价在许多国家都存在,但在我国,这个现象更严重。从信息理论的角度对我国高IPO抑价现象进行分析,并提出了相关政策建议。     

IPO发行首日收益率影响因素研究述评

首次公开发行股票(文中统称IPO)是指公司第一次向社会公众公开发行普通股,IPO抑价表现为新股发行价明显低于新股上市首日收盘价,上市首日即能获得超额回报。我国学者朱红军、钱友文(2010)对45个国家和地区的股票市场的IPO抑价率进行统计发现,中国市场的IP0抑价率居世界首位。国内     

国外IPO抑价、溢价研究综述

企业为何选择上市以及上市后IPO首日超额收益的表现一直是全球IPO研究领域的热点问题。许多国外学者对此展开大量研究,提出基于理性角度解释的抑价理论、非理性角度解释的溢价理论。本文对现有的国外学者的理论研究成果加以整理综述。     

IPO抑价理论综述、评价及在中国的应用

IPO(initial publi coffering)是指股票首次公开发行。目前，对IPO的研究众多，其中重点是IPO抑价问题。IPO抑价(under pricing)是指新股发行的一级市场价格低于二级市场价格，主要是指上市首日的交易价格巨幅上扬，也被称为IPO的低估。IPO抑价是一种普遍存在的IPO定价现象，各种著述颇丰，下文进行简要的综述、评价。     

上海股市IPO抑价实证研究——基于弹簧振子理论

新股发行抑价是指新股上市首日收益率显著为正的现象。不论是在成熟的资本市场,还是在新兴的资本市场,IPO抑价现象普遍存在。文章通过运用弹簧振子理论,研究上海股市IPO抑价问题和新股上市后续定价效率问题,得到结论如下:我国IPO抑价程度与新股上市时间和流通盘大小之间呈现出显著的负相关关系,相比成熟的资本市场我国新股发行抑价率极其高,随着新股发行定价机制不断向市场化完善,IPO抑价有一定程度的改善。     

IPO抑价影响的因素分析——基于中国中小企业股票研究

本文选取了我国2007年~2012年间在深圳证券交易所首次公开募股的445家中小企业为研究对象,分别从企业、投资者和市场三个主体出发,探究我国创业板IPO抑价的影响因素。实证结果表明,从公司基本面角度来看,上市首日市盈率和净资产收益率与IPO抑价呈正相关,实际募集资金总额与IPO抑价负相关;投资者行为方面,上市首日换手率与IPO抑价正相关,上网发行中签率与IPO抑价负相关,而衡量市场制度的招股开始日期与上市时间间隔与IPO抑价呈正相关。     

二级市场投机对A股IPO抑价率影响的实证分析

本文在借鉴相关研究的基础上,将影响IPO抑价的因素分为一级市场因素以及二级市场因素两类,并选取2009年10月—2011年12月A股上市的全部股票,将在主板和中小板上市的股票作为一个样本,在创业板上市股票作为另一样本,分别进行实证研究。结果证明,投机—泡沫假说能够有效地解释主创两板的IPO抑价现象中。其中,创业板股票发行市盈率与IPO抑价显著正相关,证明了二级市场的过度投机在抑价中起到了主导作用,而主板及中小板股票发行市盈率与IPO抑价不存在显著相关性,不能证明二级市场的低效是主板IPO抑价的主要原因。     

浅议风险资本对IPO抑价的影响

IPO(Initial Public Offerings)抑价是指首次公开发行的股票上市后(一般指第一天)的市场交易价格远高于发行价格,发行市场与交易市场出现了巨额的价差,导致首次公开发行存在较高的超额收益率。从国内外的研究成果来看,IPO抑价现象在各国普遍存在,只是抑价的程度不同而已。成熟股票市场的抑价度要低于新兴股票市场,然而还有研究结果表明:即使在同一个国家,不同的股票市场的抑价度也存在这明显差异。本文对风险资本对IPO抑价影响进入浅显的探讨。     

A股IPO抑价问题研究

一、引言 IPO抑价,又称新股发行首日溢价水平,指一只股票在公开发行后首个交易日的收盘价远高于发行价的情况。“抑价现象”在国内外证券市场普遍存在,但不同国家抑价程度差别较大,法国和美国新股发行首个交易日平均涨幅分别为4．2％和15．8％,     

噪声交易对我国IPO抑价的影响

从1990年我国股票市场建立以来,在新股发行上,普遍存在着IPO高抑价现象。所谓IPO抑价是指初始发行价与首日收盘价的偏差幅度,其幅度通常用初始报酬率表示,也即是抑价率=（首日收盘价-发行价）／发行价。     

Foreign Firms Issuing Equity on US Exchanges: An Empirical Investigation of IPOs and SEOs

We analyse a sample of foreign firms issuing equity in the USA to determine the factors that affect IPO and SEO pricing. The average SEO discount, defined as the percentage difference between the price in the local market on the offering date and the SEO offer price, is 2.07%, and is significantly lower for stocks that are ultimately listed on the NYSE/AMEX than for stocks that are listed on the Nasdaq. Foreign equity issues are underpriced; the traditional underpricing discount, which is defined as the percentage difference between the closing price on the first day of trading and the offer price, is 18.75% on average. Equity issuers from industry groups with the largest six–month pre–IPO return in the US market experience a higher level of underpricing. For the subsample of emerging market issues, we document that, in the after–market, the ADR price remains persistently above the dollar denominated price in the domestic market for up to 90 days following the date of the issue.     

The Short– and Long–run Performance of New Listings in Tunisia

This study examines abnormal stock market returns of new listings on the Tunisian Stock Exchange. Substantial positive abnormal returns are found on the first listing day and this finding is similar to that obtained in other countries. Subsequent performance is poor and investors who bought shares at the close of trading on the first day would have lost about 22% against the Tunis Stock Exchange index over a three–year period. The possible causes of this are investigated. Among the factors found in the literature that possibly affect the level of long–term performance, only the state of the IPO market, the initial return, the delay in reaching the ‘first market price’ and the size of the firms have significant coefficients. This result is supportive of the traditional fad’s interpretation of long–term underperformance.     

The role of internationalization on the IPO performance of service firms: Examination of initial returns,long-run returns,and survivability

This study examines the effect of internationalization on the initial and long-run IPO performance of service firms. The study discusses that pre-IPO internationalization of service firms contributes to the explanation of long-discussed IPO underpricing phenomenon, and underperformance of IPOs in the long-run. Sample of the study includes 1822 IPO issues conducted by US service firms between 1980 and 2009. Findings of the study suggest that international service firms leave less money on table in their IPOs compared to domestic service firms by providing significantly lower first day returns to their investors on their first day of public trading. Moreover, our findings provide evidence that 3-year cumulative abnormal returns and 3-year buy-and-hold returns of international service firms are significantly higher than domestic service firms, and international service firms outperform domestic service firms in both operating return on assets and operating cash flows in the post-IPO period. Lastly, the study documents that survival rate of service firms subsequent to an IPO issue increases with pre-IPO internationalization.     

The Effects of Information Disclosure and Board Independence on IPO Discount*

This paper examines the effect of strategic information disclosure and corporate governance on the stock market performance of initial public offering (IPO) firms in France. It argues that information disclosure and board independence mitigate agency problems between the IPO firm and investors, thus reducing the IPO discount defined as the difference between the offer price and the intrinsic value of the firm. However, extensive disclosure may damage the firm's competitive advantage and lead to a curvilinear (an inverted U‐shape) relationship between information disclosure and the IPO discount. Further analysis suggests that it is not necessarily the quantity of information, but rather the type of information, that causes the IPO discount to increase with the amount of disclosure.     

房地产市场有效性研究——以北京和上海为例

利用北京和上海住宅市场与写字楼市场的数据,考察了市场中收益和风险的特征,并检验了它们是否满足市场有效性的要求。统计分析结果表明,超额收益时间序列的历史值对未来的收益有一定的解释能力,同时方差比检验也表明这四个房地产市场均不具备弱有效性;租金价值比的信息可用来对未来收益进行预测,因此半强有效性的假设也能够被拒绝;在我国的房地产市场中,价格对于市场信息的反应速度比较慢,消费者往往在信息不对称的情况下进行决策,市场搜寻时间偏长,交易成本偏高。     

基于资本市场动机视角的应计盈余管理和真实盈余管理研究

现阶段,我国的证券市场基本是由政府管制,影响了我国金融市场的发展。证券企业为了得到健康发展,只能获得IPO的发行许可。从盈余管理出发,结合资本市场动机,两种假设:IPO企业同时实施两种盈余管理方法会提高其股票发行价和与真实盈余管理对企业未来的损害较大,并选取在2007到2012期间沪深两市的699家IPO上市企业样本,通过引入不同变量、创建回归模型、对回归结果分析得出两种盈余管理方式,均有利于企业提高IPO的发行价和真实盈余管理的应用会对IPO公司的长期业绩产生不利的影响。可见,两种盈余方式对于促进IPO企业健康、稳定发展具有重要的历史作用和现实意义。     

On the Demand Elasticity of Initial Public Offerings: An Analysis of Discriminatory Auctions

We analyze 52 Taiwanese IPOs that were introduced through discriminatory auctions (you pay what you bid) between December 1995 and October 1998. The evidence suggests that the elasticity of demand for IPOs in Taiwan through discriminatory auctions is relatively flat. The elasticity is significantly negatively correlated with bidders’heterogeneity, which is consistent with the investor heterogeneity hypothesis. We also find that the average winning bidders earn a significant average abnormal return of 7.83% in the post–IPO market. The post–IPO market abnormal return is positively correlated with the demand elasticity, the idiosyncratic risk of stock returns and the institutional participation rate, and is negatively correlated with the auction clearing price, which is consistent with theory. Finally, there is evidence that informed investors have an incentive to shade their demand for IPOs to avoid the winner’scurse. The most aggressive bidders (the top 5% of the winning bidders) on average incur a small loss of 1.64% (not significant) in the market–adjusted initial returns.     

基于信息不对称条件下企业IPO筹资成本评价模型

文章采用ARMA模型对信息不对称条件下企业首次上市并融资(IPO)成本进行研究,分析了IPO直接成本和间接成本的影响因素.研究结果表明,仅仅将首日折价率作为间接成本具有较大的局限性,企业IPO成本呈现受多种因素影响的复杂性.     

风险投资对创业板市场IPO抑价的影响

通过对218家在创业板上市公司首次公开发行当天股价上涨现象进行研究,结果表明在创业板推出初期上市的公司存在严重的IPO抑价。中国创业板近70%的公司有风险资本背景,但是创业企业的风险资本对抑价水平的影响不显著,上市公司本身的特点和财务业绩因素对IPO抑价影响也不显著。中国创业板市场IPO抑价严重的原因是创业板市场运行机制不成熟,二级股票市场投机情况严重。另外,付市盈率、中签率、换手率等对IPO抑价水平影响显著。     

The relationship between venture capital backing and the top management team quality of firms going public and implications for initial public offerings

We make use of hand-collected data on a large sample of entrepreneurial firms going public to analyze the association between venture capital (VC) backing and the top management team (TMT) quality of firms at the time of their initial public offerings (IPOs), and the effect of both VC-backing and TMT quality on the growth in their post-IPO operating performance and IPO firm valuations. We first show that VC-backing is associated with higher TMT quality. We then show that both higher TMT quality and VC-backing lead to higher growth in post-IPO operating performance and higher IPO valuations. We find that the above two variables affect the growth in post-IPO operating performance through an “ability channel,” whereby the TMTs of such firms choose projects with higher equilibrium scale and implement them more ably. Further, TMT quality and VC-backing affect IPO firm valuations not only through the above ability channel, but also through a “certification channel,” whereby higher TMT quality and VC-backing credibly certify intrinsic firm value to the IPO market, thus reducing the extent of asymmetric information facing such firms in the IPO market and yielding these firms higher IPO valuations. Finally, we show that TMT quality and VC-backing act as complements in their effect on IPO firms' growth in post-IPO operating performance.