从农业基础性地位转变的角度看土地征用制度

土地征用,是指将农地转变为非农建设用地。因此,从某种意义上讲,土地征用制度可以看作是有关农业支持其他产业发展的制度,是农业在经济发展中发挥基础性地位作用的一种表现,所以,土地征用制度应随着农业基础性地位表现形式的变化而变化。改革开放以来,随着经济的快速发展,我国从工业化的初级阶段进入中级阶段,农业基础性地位的表现形式将从以要素贡献为主转变为以市场贡献为主。这就要求我国必须创建新型的土地征用制度,以适应农业基础性地位表现形式的转变。     

改革土地征用制度势在必行

土地征用制度主要内容包括征地的补偿标准、安置办法和征地审批程序及实施过程。现行的土地征用制度形成于计划经济时期。随着改革的进一步深入和社会主义市场经济体制的逐步建立,经济成分多元化,资本多样化,使得目前的土地征用制度难以适应社会主义市场经济发展的要求,特别是很难适应加快城市化进程的要求,改革现行的土地征用制度势在必行。     

国内外土地征用制度的实践及其对我国征地制度改革的启示

土地是宝贵的资源和资产，尤其随着经济的发展，土地的资产属性为广大群众认识。我国实行的是土地的社会主义公有制，法律规定任何单位和个人使用土地，必须申请国有土地，为了满足各单位或个人对国有土地的需求，促进我国经济的快速增长，土地征用也就成为不可避免的趋势。由于土地征用涉及到土地权属的变更以及国家、集体和农民个人三方面的利益，因此，建立完善而合理的土地征用制度，保障各利益主体的合法权益不受侵害，尤其是保障农民的生活问题显得尤为重要。然而在土地征用过程中，由于存在土地补偿费偏低，农民安置不到位，集体利益…     

土地征用制度改革探讨

土地是农民最基本的劳动对象和经营基础，保障农民的土地财产权利是农民权益保障中非常重要的一个方面。由于现行的土地征用制度基本形成于计划经济时代，其赖以存在的制度环境和服务目标已经转变，不适应性和滞后性日益彰显，引发了大量的农民上访、对抗事件。鉴于土地征用制度在今后相当长一段时期都将是一个涉及面甚广的公共问题，本文在制度层面对现行土地征用体制存在的缺陷和不足进行分类和归纳，提出新的土地征用制度，以保证经济持续健康发展中。改革土地征用制度，保障农民土地权益。     

城市化进程中土地征用改革与集体土地产权制度变迁

随着我国经济的高速发展和城市化进程的加快，农地非农化已是一个不可扭转的趋势，尤其是在城乡结合部。在农用地转征用过程中，如何保护农民的利益不受侵犯也成为了当今学术界的一个热门话题。本文从土地征用制度的改革方向以及集体土地产权制度变迁的趋势来讨论如何进一步保护和完善失地农民原有土地承包权的问题。试图通过对土地征用制度改革的反映而进一步完善集体土地产权制度提出一些政策建议。     

建立我国新型土地征用制度的若干思考

土地征用是地权行政的重要内容，我国现行的土地征用制度是一种国家行为，但是，现行的土地征用制度随着社会主义市场经济的发展，暴露出一些缺陷，其 要表面在征地范围不明确，补偿准低、不能及时支付到位，安置难以解决，土地收益比例分配不合理，征地程序混乱等方面。通过推进征地制度改革，可以逐步消除这些缺陷，与市场经济国家的征地制度接轨，建立适应社会主义市场经济需要的新型征地制度。     

土地征用制度改革与创新：一个经济学分析框架

本研究主要从经济学角度探讨国家动用征用权的原因以及由此产生的滥用征用权、征地范围过宽和补偿不合理等征用绩效问题。在此基础上，试图将土地征用两个主要的构成要件即公共目的(或公共利益)和公平补偿纳入同一个框架进行分析，从而为土地征用制度改革和创新的研究提供可资借鉴的理论分析框架。     

试论设定农地发展权对土地征用的积极意义

针对目前我国土地权属关系不顺、土地征用制度建设严重滞后等问题，本文从界定产权的角度，探讨设定农地发展权对解决土地征用中存在诸多问题的积极意义。并得出结论：设定农地发展权并将其归为国有，将有利于阻止大量耕地被非法征用，有效控制城市建设用地过度扩张；有利于合理分配征地中的土地增值收益，防止国有土地资产流失；有利于规范土地征用权的行使，维护城市土地市场的正常秩序。     

土地征用制度改革的模式选择

从现行土地征用制度存在的问题和原因，论述土地征用制度改革的目标、指导思想和原则，重点探讨改革的模式和方案的选择，提出了建立基于市场经济原则的新的土地征购制度。     

解析征地制度改革的主流思路

本文基于“尊重农民的土地物权”优先于“让利于农民”的价值取向选择，对征地制度改革的主流思路进行了解析和批评。中国现行征地制度基本架构的最大缺陷是它没有与城乡土地产权制度改革和建设的成果相衔接，学界的主流思路没能切中这一要害。未来征地制度改革政策设计的着眼点将实现从“让利于农民”到“尊重农民的土地物权”的转变，改革重点也将从“提高补偿安置水平”转换到“区分征收和征用”上来。由于集体土地所有权在内部构造上是一种准公共权力，中国的征地制度改革设计不能照搬国外的公益性目的说。以集体土地所有权为标的的土地征收是一种拟制的征收，以土地用益物权为标的的土地征用反而不逊于实质的典型征收。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.