基于系统理论的中国城乡劳动力合理流动研究

城乡问题追根究底要回到人的问题,因此劳动力流动是关键.影响城乡劳动力流动的因素很多,既有研究带有碎片化特征,不利于形成完整的认识.以系统理论为指导,对影响我国城乡劳动力流动的因素进行归纳整理,利用解释结构模型法建立"城乡劳动力流动影响因素模型",对影响我国城乡劳动力流动各个层面的要素,以及要素与要素之间的关系进行分析.可以发现,收入、区域经济、制度、环境和劳动权益保障是影响劳动力流动的直接要素,个人、家庭是间接要素,政府、市场和社会是干预管理要素.站在系统的角度,劳动力合理流动体现为通畅性、均衡性和适应性,可借此特性提出促进城乡劳动力合理流动,实现城乡融合发展的具体思路.     

构建城乡统一、平等就业的劳动力市场

近年国家对农民进城就业管理服务政策的调整，使农村劳动力转移就业环境得到改善。但城乡分割体制的影响仍不可忽视，劳动力市场体系、规则不健全，监管不当或乏力。需要在推进城乡统一劳动力市场和就业制度改革的过程中，健全市场法规，改进政府监管机制，营造节省劳动力流动制度成本、劳动者合法权益能得到有效保护的市场秩序。     

劳动力市场分割下的中国农村劳动力流动模型

中国城乡之间的劳动力流动是资源重新配置的方式之一,对中国经济发展具有积极的作用.本文将中国城乡间的劳动力市场分割概括为人力资本型分割和户籍型分割,分析了在分割的市场中农村劳动力流动的过程,并构造了以劳动力流动率为因变量的中国农村劳动力流动模型,全面地解释了农村劳动力流动的影响因素.分析结果表明,影响农村劳动力流动的因素包括劳动力市场分割的程度、城镇部门和农村部门的人均土地占有量、前期的城乡劳动力比以及以工资率为中介的两部门相关变量.但是,本文的研究结果不支持通过提高城乡工资率差来促进农村劳动力流动;可行的措施应在劳动力市场分割的减轻、社会保障体系的完善、土地城镇化和土地流转制度的改进等方面.     

劳动力流动城乡统筹的现状及障碍研究

本文首先回顾了劳动力流动城乡统筹的既有研究,之后由劳动力流动城乡统筹的现状切入,创新性地由计划配置、市场配置和自动配置的角度来剖析不同配置模式及其调整所引起的劳动力转移。城乡公共产品的供给严重失衡是事实上阻碍劳动力跨越城乡流动的首因,它的不对称性主要体现在户籍制度、社会保障和交易信息几方面。     

经济增长对劳动力流动的影响机理及宏观政策研究——基于我国31个省面板数据研究

选取了2008-2013年中国31个省份的面板数据,构建了经济增长、以城镇化和城乡收入差距为交互项,以物资资本投入,人力资本投入,科学技术投入,产业结构为控制变量影响劳动力流动的固定效应模型。结果表示,经济增长对劳动力流动有促进作用:经济增长影响城镇化建设加速对劳动力流动有抑制作用,经济增长扩大了城乡收入差距对劳动力流动起抑制作用。本文根据实证结果得出对当前我国宏观经济健康运行的建议政策。     

我国目前失业的社会流动阻滞

失业的社会流动阻滞在于社会流动的规模不大、制度约束性太强、方向不太合理和理念滞后。因此。要构建合理的再就业社会流动机制，必须大力发展经济，尽快推进制度改革．积极转变就业观念，尽快建立劳动力自由流动机制。     

市场化改革与中国城乡的协调发展

本文以中国农村土地制度变迁为主要线索，揭示市场化改革对于城乡协调发展的重要性。我们的研究显示，家庭联产承包制对农村土地市场有部分替代功能，但当农业劳动力转移规模达到一定程度时，这种有限的替代功能就难以再满足要求，而与正式土地市场缺位相关的问题就会一一浮现。正式农村土地市场和最优土地产权结构的形成，则有赖于土地产权的明晰。在现有土地制度和城乡壁垒下，中国的工业化、城市化与农业绩效之间难以形成良性循环，影响了中国城乡的协调发展。     

河北省人口年龄结构变化与未来劳动力发展研究

本文从人口年龄结构的角度出发，采用一多因素人口预测法，建立了以年龄移算为主的数学模型，对2011—2030年河北省人口年龄结构变化趋势进行预测，重点分析了2011～2030年河北省劳动力发展变化情况及其基本特征，指出在劳动力数量逐年减少但总体规模依然较大的背景下，河北省应该进一步优化产业结构、采取有效措施推进教育事业发展，从而充分利用丰富的劳动力资源来加快本省社会经济的发展。     

中国劳动力市场最大问题是行政分割

——中国经济体制改革研究会会长宋晓梧4月8日接受经济之声记者采访时表示 中国劳动力市场最大问题是行政分割，主要表现在城乡分割和国有垄断行业的行政分割两方面。农民工是中国劳动力市场城乡分割最典型的表现。目前推进城镇化的真正重点，正是解决将近2亿农民工的跨地区流动。     

推进广西城乡统筹就业的政策选择

城乡统筹就业是统筹城乡发展的重要内容,对实现城镇化和现代化具有重要意义。当前广西处于经济开放开发的关键时期,推进城乡统筹就业对广西具有迫切性和现实性双重意义。政府应该高度重视城乡统筹就业工作,构建公平合理的政策体系,逐步消除农村劳动力转移的制度性和体制性障碍,建立城乡统一公平的劳动就业制度,推动广西农村剩余劳动力实现合理有效地流动和转移就业,进而稳定农民收入,推动城乡经济社会的协调发展。     

Trade policy impacts under alternative land market regimes in rural China

In this paper we apply a simulation model of a village economy in Guizhou province, China, to assess impacts of trade reform at the household and the village level under alternative land market regimes. Putting special emphasis on the modeling of household migration a trade reform scenario is simulated with and without the existence of a land rental market in the village.Significant impacts of the land market on the policy outcome regarding household production, income and welfare are found. The possibility to trade land within the village leads to increasing specialization into agriculture and migration among the households as a response to the policy shock. In a situation with a land market, incomes of households which expand agricultural production are less negatively affected by trade reform than incomes of households which migration more.At the village level, a land market does not influence the poverty outcome of the reform but reduces its inequality enhancing impact. Village migration and exports of agricultural outputs increase.     

MIGRATION,LABOR MARKET FLEXIBILITY,AND WAGE DETERMINATION IN CHINA: A REVIEW

This paper reviews economic studies on rural‐urban migration issues in China. The paper focuses on four issues: the household registration system in China, the profile of the migrants, explanations for rural‐to‐urban migration, and the interaction between migration and labor market evolution, with special reference to labor market segregation, labor market flexibility, and wage differentials. The paper concludes with suggestions for further research topics.     

An analysis of interprovincial migration in the Netherlands

Summary This paper presents an analysis in interprovincial migration, carried out in order to develop a migration equation for a multi-regional labour market model. Net migration was chosen as the relevant variable to explain. Estimation problems like additional restrictions on the error terms had to be solved. Estimation of a migration equation per age group showed differences in migration behaviour between age groups. Estimation of a equation for different time periods revealed a changing migration behaviour over time. For recent years, an influence of the labour market on migration could not be proved.The author extends his thanks to A. van Delft, H. Natzijl, W.P. Nieuwenhuis and J. Verbruggen of the Regional Department of the Central Planning Bureau for the helpful comments they have made on earlier drafts of this paper and for the assistance in the translation of the Dutch draft into English. The author, of course, accepts full responsibility for any shortcomings that remain.     

Why did Swedish regional net migration rates fall in the 1970s? The role of policy changes versus structural change, 1945–1985

The relationship between local labour market conditions and regional migration has been widely discussed within research. In Sweden, where interregional migration reached a peak in the 1960s but decreased substantially in the 1970s, the role of economic policy has been especially contended in light of the Swedish model and its official stress on regional mobility. By collecting and creating a new and unique dataset on net-migration, vacancy rates, employment and labour income by county, the pattern of interregional migration in Sweden is analysed over a period of time that also covers the early postwar period (1945–1985), allowing for a detailed evaluation of the drivers of migration at different times. My results suggest that there was no significant change over time in the responsiveness of migration to local labour market conditions. The changing patterns of regional migration were therefore more likely the result of changes in the pace and direction of structural change. I discuss the implications of these results for previous accounts of the Swedish model and of the decline in migration after 1970.     

农村劳动力迁移为什么没有缩小城乡收入差距——以广东为例

广东经济发展过程中出现农村劳动力迁移量和城乡收入差距同时扩大的现象,本文从农村迁移劳动力在城市劳动力市场上的就业分布和农村劳动力迁移对城乡人力资本差距的影响两方面对此与传统经济学理论相悖的现象进行了分析.本文认为农村劳动力迁移没有缩小城乡收入差距一方面因为农村劳动力在城市劳动力市场受到歧视,一般在城市次要劳动力市场就业;另一方面因为农村劳动力迁移扩大了城乡人力资本差距,从而扩大了城乡收入差距.     

The effect of discrimination and segregation on black male migration

This article develops and tests a model of black male migration to major standard metropolitan statistical areas (SMSAs). Migration is examined using a dual labor market approach. A statistical model is tested that incorporates measures of discrimination and segregation. The results are consistent with the argument that discriminatory employment practices constrain black male migration and suggest that past practices help explain the labor market problems of young blacks today. The analysis is temporal, but provides insights into previously unstudied determinants of black male migration. Decennial census data is used for fifty SMSAs.     

Identifying the effects of migration on parental health: Evidence from left-behind elders in China

This study pioneers the application of the New Economics of Labor Migration theory to outline and estimate two opposite effects of labor loss driven by the migration and remittances of adult children on the health of left-behind elderly parents through the changing rural market constraints. We use China's rural household survey data and simultaneous equation econometric techniques to estimate the effects of migration on the physical and mental health of left-behind elders. Results indicate that the loss of labor due to migration has a significantly negative effect on the health of left-behind elders, but remittances from migrants can compensate for the adverse effect. This study provides a comprehensive understanding that remittances from migration relax the constraints on household resource allocations in undeveloped rural areas with imperfect market conditions. Overall, left-behind elderly parents benefit from migrant children both physically and mentally.     

Market Access,Labor Mobility,and the Wage Skill Premium: New Evidence from Chinese Cities

Open Economies Review - Labor market reforms in developing economies have causes economic regions to open up, providing greater market access to businesses and leading to urban migration. This...     

Internal migration and unemployment in Germany: An anglo-irish perspective

Internal Migration and Unemployment in Germany: An Anglo-Irish Perspective. — The paper analyzes the effect on the migration rate of a number of labour market variables; in particular, relative wage levels and growth rates, and the relative unemployment rates in the home and foreign country. We study the Ireland-U.K. migration rate and use the estimates to predict migration between the two parts of unified Germany. We conclude that magnitudes of unemployment differences and wage differentials are such that currently observed substantial migration flows will not slow down for the forseeable future.     

MIGRATION,SOCIAL NETWORKS,AND CREDIT: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM PERU

We seek evidence of the causal relationship between migration, social networks, and the probability of receiving credit in a developing country where credit markets are weak and internal migration is common. Migrants may face binding asymmetric information constraints as they often lack collateral. Social networks can help mitigate these constraints. Conversely, migrants might face higher liquidity constraints and might, therefore, demand more credit than nonmigrants. The effect of migration on participation in the credit market is thus ambiguous. Compounding this, migration and credit may be jointly determined. We utilize rich data from Peru to establish the net effect of migration on credit and the role that social networks play in this relationship.