预期退休年龄的影响因素分析* ——基于CHARLS数据的实证研究

本文基于2011年CHARLS数据,利用Multinominal Logit模型分析了45岁~60岁劳动者个人特征、配偶特征以及家庭特征对他们延迟退休意愿和无休止劳动意愿的影响。本文发现,女性、具有高级职称和农业户口的劳动者更愿意延迟退休,在企业工作、具有农业户口和受教育程度偏低的人倾向于无休止劳动。对延迟退休意愿进行性别差异分析的结果表明,男性延迟退休意愿随着自身受教育程度的提高而增加,随着妻子受教育程度的提高呈现先降低后提高的“U”型趋势。女性的延迟退休意愿随着自身受教育程度的提高而下降,但并不受丈夫的影响。无论是男性还是女性,随着受教育程度的提高,他们无休止劳动的预期均下降。针对以上结论,本文提出了相应的政策建议。     

女性职业自评与幸福感相关性分析

利用spss社会科学统计软件包来分析女性职业自评与幸福感之间的关系,运用了相关分析、独立样本t检验和描述性统计分析等方法,对女性职业自评和幸福感的关系进一步的探讨与分析,得出女性的幸福感受性别、婚否、文化程度的影响;职业自评受工龄、年龄、文化程度、职位的影响。进而得出女性职业自评和幸福感具有高度的相关性,即女性职业自评越高,其幸福感越强。反之亦然。     

我国城镇已婚女性劳动供给影响因素实证研究

本文利用问卷调查数据,采用Tobit截断回归模型来实证分析我国城镇已婚女性劳动供给的影响因素.回归结果表明,受教育程度与城镇已婚女性劳动供给正相关,女性受教育程度是已婚女性劳动供给的主要影响因素.城镇已婚女性年龄与其劳动供给之间呈负相关.丈夫月收入与城镇已婚女性劳动供给呈负相关.家庭中六岁以下孩子的存在作为已婚女性减少市场劳动时间的决定因素是不显著的.     

上市公司高管性别与公司财务绩效的实证研究

随着经济的发展和各类女权运动的兴起,女性的权利和地位日益受到广泛关注,女性在法律、经济、政治等方面与男性平等的诉求越来越强烈。本文从企业层面出发,以沪、深两市1992-2013年所有上市企业为研究对象,对高管性别对公司财务绩效的影响进行研究。研究结果表明,女性高管会降低公司绩效,在对女性教育水平进行控制后发现女性本身并不是降低企业绩效的原因,甚至女性除受教育程度以外的因素会提高企业绩效,女性之所以会降低企业绩效是由于女性高管平均受教育程度低于男性高管造成的。然而女性对于公司绩效的影响并不显著,因此,某种程度上可以认为性别对于公司绩效没有影响。     

信任的影响因素分析

根据信任影响因素理论,挑选并构造了影响信任的个人因素和社会因素。然后运用SPSS对ISSP2001年＂社会关系与支持系统＂调查数据进行分析来验证这些因素对信任的影响。研究发现：女性比男性信任度更高;年龄、受教育程度、主观幸福感、阶级、社团参与、亲密朋友数量与社会信任存在正相关的关系;社区类型对社会信任的影响并不具有显著性。     

“官二代”职业发展的性别差异--对第三期中国妇女社会地位调查的实证研究

"官二代"在负责人和专业技术人员中存在明显的职业性别隔离。只有极少数"官二代"能够成为负责人,而绝大部分"官二代"从事负责人以外的其他五类职业。工作变动及时代变迁使得"官二代"职业层次总体有所提高,但女性的提高程度小于男性。性别、受教育程度、政治面貌及工作获得途径对"官二代"能否成为负责人具有显著影响:女性成为负责人的可能性总体小于男性;接受过高等教育的男性更容易成为负责人,提高受教育程度对男性成为负责人的影响大于女性;求职/应聘能够显著提高女性成为负责人的可能性,党员身份和自主创业对女性成为负责人的影响大于男性。     

农户采用有风险技术的意愿及影响因素研究

利用四川省509个农户的调查数据,运用多元Logit模型对农户采用有风险技术的意愿及其影响因素进行实证分析。研究表明:农户采用有风险技术的意愿受多种因素影响:农户的受教育程度、人均家庭纯收入、农产品商品率与农户采用有风险技术呈正相关关系;从事农业生产的年限与农户采用有风险技术呈负相关关系;农业技术培训随具体情况的不同与农户采用有风险技术呈双向相关关系。     

中国中年人群婚姻满意度的影响因素：基于计量经济学模型的分析

本文利用2002年中国高龄老人健康长寿跟踪调查（CLHLS）子女问卷数据,通过多元回归模型对35～65岁的中年人群婚姻满意度的影响因素进行了分析。研究表明,健康状况及受教育程度对于婚姻满意度有显著性影响;在控制住受教育程度时,职业及收入等经济因素对婚姻满意度无显著影响;父母与其成年子女的婚姻满意度有正相关关系。本文未发现中年人群存在婚姻的家庭生命周期效应,婚姻满意度不受婚龄及子女离家生活事件的影响。研究还发现,男女婚姻满意度的影响因素存在差别,当通过相亲途径结婚或家庭经济权由男性掌握时,男性的婚姻满意度较低,但这些因素对女性无显著影响。     

试论经济新形势下高职生自我意识培养

自我意识是个体意识发展的高级阶段、内心深处的心理结构和人格的调节系统。分析影响自我意识形成、发展与完善的因素,探讨高职生自我意识发展中所面临的问题,采取针对性教育,对他们的健康成长及提高高等职业教育质量具有重要意义。     

中国31个地区信息化发展空间关联影响因素研究

网络时代下信息技术呈现指数级的增长态势,其应用的领域和层次可谓日新月异。为了客观反映地区信息化发展关联关系及其影响因素,文章首先测算基于网络时代下的地区信息化发展状况,在此基础上,运用社会网络分析方法如QAP回归分析,探明我国31个地区的地理邻接关系、经济发展水平、就业人员的受教育程度、城镇化率、信息产业开放程度和信息化固定资产投资均对地区信息化发展空间关联分布关系有正向的影响作用。同时,QAP相关分析也显示地区的创新能力、人均R&D经费、有效专利数与地区信息化发展空间关联关系也存在正相关关系。     

Women's Labor Force Participation and Status Exchange in Intermarriage: A Model and Evidence for Hawaii1

Women's labor force participation, ethnic status and interracial marriage are examined in this paper to test Grossbard-Shechtman's marriage market theory. Perceived racial and ethnic group status is found to be an important attribute in marriage market exchange that combines marriage and working outside the home. Caucasian women, who have a higher perceived ethnic status, tend not to work when they marry men of a lower perceived ethnic status, while the opposite is found of women who have a lower perceived group status and who marry into a higher-status group. This is especially of women with low education, while highly educated women are less affected by compensating differentials at marriage as related to ethnic status of the couple. Ethnic groups that have a recent immigration history also have a different pattern of intermarriage and women's labor force participation. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

新疆科技人才外流影响因素研究

科技人才的大量流失严重制约了新疆地区的经济社会发展.本文利用新疆科技工作者抽样调查数据,采用二元Logistic模型及对数线性模型对科技工作者流失意愿的影响因素及交互作用进行实证分析.研究结果显示,学历、年龄、职称、政治面貌、生态环境、社会治安、检索科技文献资料难易程度、进修培训工作满意度和科研经费管理制度的满意度对科技人才流失均有显著影响.     

Gender Inequality in Education and Kinship Norms in India

Women’s schooling attainment in India continues to lag considerably behind that of men. This paper uses nationally representative district-level data from the 2007–8 District Level Household and Facility Survey (DLHS-3), Indicus Analytics, and the 2011–12 Indian Human Development Survey-II (IHDS-II) to examine the role of socioeconomic and cultural factors in influencing gender differentials in schooling. The results provide quantitative evidence of the role of different economic and sociocultural factors on gender disparities in education. The empirical results show that economic development is an important factor in narrowing gender gaps in education, with wealthier districts more likely to educate girls than poorer districts. However, the norm of patrilocal exogamy, where wives migrate to co-reside with their husband’s kin, is associated with worse outcomes for women’s schooling relative to men’s schooling; and, in keeping with anthropological research, gender-differentiated inequities in education are more pronounced in Northern India.     

The long-term impact of education on dietary diversity among women in Zimbabwe

Education is perceived to have a positive impact on a variety of health outcomes. However, it is unclear how causal this association is or what could account for the observed relationship, especially in low-income countries. This study examined the educational gradient in dietary diversity among young women using individual-level survey data from Zimbabwe. A parametric fuzzy regression discontinuity design was used in the empirical analysis, with school reform exposure serving as an instrumental variable for educational attainment. The results show that increased schooling improves dietary diversity among women and that this effect is large and statistically significant. An examination of the potential mechanisms by which education improves dietary diversity revealed that women with more education are more likely to engage with print media by reading newspapers or magazines, to be literate, to access prenatal care when pregnant, to be wealthier, to have fewer children, and to live in metropolitan areas. These findings suggest that expanding educational opportunities, particularly for young girls in developing countries like Zimbabwe, could be a useful policy strategy to promote healthy eating among young women and, as a result, could enhance population health and nutrition outcomes.     

The timing of childbearing: The role of human capital and personal preferences

As significant as the shift from quantity to quality in fertility decisions, a rise in the median age at first birth has been commonly observed in the more developed world. This paper attempts to understand the latter demographic trend from the empirical perspective. We first construct a conditional hazard model that incorporates determinants of birth spacing, with a primary emphasis on human capital and personal preference factors. We then examine the importance of these factors, using a rich data set comprised of a selected sample of women from various cohorts reported in the 1980 Taiwan Census. Our results show that, in addition to the age at marriage, human capital factors such as the woman’s education, job security and occupation are all significant in influencing the first spacing. The roles played by these human capital factors become even more important for the second spacing. In the third spacing, the relative importance of education and occupation still persists, while gender preferences become much stronger. Overall, while job security shortens the timing of childbearing, better education and occupation as well as more girls from previous births all lead to delays in births. As for preference factors, we find that elementary school teachers have a shorter birth-spacing compared to junior high school teachers, indicating possible personal preferences for children that are consistent with women’s job selection.     

Education and Fertility: Evidence from a Natural Experiment*

Declining fertility is often attributed to the increased education of women. It is difficult to establish a causal link because both fertility and education have changed secularly. In this paper we study the connection between fertility and education using educational reform as an instrument to control for selection. Our results indicate that increasing education leads to postponement of first births away from teenage motherhood and towards women having their first birth in their 20s as well as, for a smaller group, up to the age of 35–40. We find no evidence, however, that more education results in more women remaining childless or having fewer children.     

中国人才集聚时空格局及影响因素研究

基于区位商理论,从时间和空间两个维度分析中国人才集聚变化,运用分位数回归方法探索中国人才集聚影响因素,结果表明：中国各地区人才集聚差距逐年缩小,东部地区人才集聚程度最高、东北地区次之、西部地区第三、中部地区最低;经济发展水平和地方财政性教育投入对所有分位点的人才集聚均具有显著正向影响,工资水平和公共服务水平对低分位点人才集聚具有显著正向影响,城镇化水平对人才集聚在高分位点时具有显著正向影响,大学对人才集聚在中间分位点时具有显著正向影响,地区开放性对人才集聚在不同分位点的影响不一致。最后,针对人才集聚程度较低的地区,从经济基础、政策环境、文化教育和社会环境等方面提出改进建议。     

知识密集型服务业发展的影响因素——基于空间面板数据模型

在界定知识密集型服务业的基础上,构建空间面板数据模型,对2005—2010年我国知识密集型服务业发展的影响因素进行实证分析。研究结果表明:我国30个省(自治区、直辖市)的知识密集型服务业发展存在明显的正向空间依赖性;区域创新环境在时间维度上具有显著的促进作用,但在空间维度上的作用不显著;教育支撑在空间维度上具有显著的促进作用,但在时间维度上的作用不显著;外部知识联系、政府行为对知识密集型服务业发展具有显著的促进作用。     

Why Are Women Delaying Motherhood in Germany?

Abstract

German fertility trends show that the average age at which women have their first child has increased in recent decades. Moreover, researchers have argued that delayed maternity is an important factor in reduced fertility. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), this paper contributes to the debate about maternity timing and reduced fertility in Germany by analyzing some of the factors determining the delay of motherhood. The results suggest that German women who have accumulated more years of education and longer work experience at the time of marriage delay motherhood more. On the other hand, women with higher labor income and a higher contribution to household income delay motherhood less. The results confirm that women consolidate their careers before motherhood in order to reduce career costs. Therefore, if fertility rates are to be increased in Germany further policies that aim to combine women's careers and motherhood need to be developed.