Sudden Unintended Used‐Price Deceleration? The 2009–2010 Toyota Recalls

Using data from the vehicle resale market, I test consumer responsiveness to large‐scale product recalls that are caused by safety problems. The used‐vehicle prices of Toyotas are compared to the used‐vehicle prices of the other major domestic and foreign manufacturers. The results quantify the losses suffered by Toyota vehicle owners in secondary markets due to the 2009–2010 safety recalls of more than 9 million Toyota Motors vehicles. The treatment effect of a recall is measured using panel data with a difference‐in‐differences estimation approach that allows for time‐varying treatment effects and serial correlation. I find that this recall episode had negative effects in the resale market for automobiles that were quantitatively small (less than 2% of the vehicle’s resale value), statistically indistinguishable from zero, and short lived (did not persist beyond December 2009). A comparison with Audi’s recalls in the 1980s of vehicles with sudden unintended acceleration suggests that the extent to which a company’s reputation is established is more important than whether or not a company has a reputation for producing high‐quality products.     

丰田召回门事件对我国企业构建诚信机制的启示

2010年新年伊始,全球最大的汽车制造商之一日本丰田汽车公司因大规模召回汽车在业界掀起巨澜。透过丰田车召回事件,我们可以领略到汽车制造业在召回制度上的发展进程以及特点,同时也让我们从全新的视角对我国企业诚信机制的构建产生一些启示。     

The Impact of Corporate Environmental Violation on Shareholders' Wealth: a Perspective Taken from Media Coverage

This study provides empirical evidence of the way in which media coverage of corporate environmental violation events affects shareholders' wealth due to stock market reactions. Data relating to the media coverage of the environmental violations of 173 publically traded companies in China, gathered using web crawler technology, were analyzed through multi‐dimensional variables with the purpose of examining the impact of media coverage on stock market reactions in terms of cumulative abnormal return (CAR) under different event windows based on the methodology of event study. The variables include the intensity of media coverage, media information sources, disclosure mode, media newsworthiness, violation entity, whether the company is punished by the government, whether the company makes a clarification and whether the company is ISO 14001 certified. The results obtained reveal that media coverage affects the market values of the event companies to some extent, and that those companies that attract high levels of media attention generally see greater losses in their shareholders' wealth. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.     

Transferring the Toyota lean cultural paradigm into India: implications for human resource management

This paper argues that the successful international transference of Japanese lean manufacturing practices in general, and the Toyota Way and Toyota Production System (TPS) in particular, is in varying degrees contingent upon the sociocultural, historical and environmental context of the host nations into which such transfer occurs. This has significant implications for human resource management policies and practices. The paper contends that lean manufacturing is not simply a set of concepts, techniques and methods that can be implemented by command and control. In the course of transferring lean practices from Japan into overseas affiliates, either an absence of due consideration or disregard for a host nation's unique sociocultural and environmental factors could lead to unproductive organisational outcomes for the parent company. This viewpoint is examined through a case study analysis of the Indian affiliate of the Japanese automobile industry giant Toyota Motor Corporation, namely Toyota Kirloskar Motors, located at Bidadi, near Bangalore, India.     

The relationship between the smoothing of reported income and risk-adjusted returns

This paper uses risk-adjusted returns for the firms in the S&P 500 to test whether the stock market response to accounting performance measures is related to the smoothness of companies’ reported earnings. Three income models, increasing in their measure of smoothness, test the hypotheses using cumulative average abnormal returns. The results indicate that companies that report smooth income have significantly higher cumulative average abnormal returns than firms that do not. When size is considered, market returns are higher for small companies than for large companies. There is also a significant relationship between the type of industry and income smoothing.     

An explanation of why shareholders' losses are so large after drug recalls

Recent studies show firms suffering drug recalls experience security losses many times larger than any reasonable measure of their direct cost. We discover that the implied standard deviation of stock returns from the Black-Scholes option pricing model significantly increases after a drug recall. The implied standard deviation provides a good proxy for the stock's ex ante beta. The higher systematic risk after a product recall must raise the discount rate used by investors. After a recall, stock prices are reduced in line with the lower expected future earnings and are further reduced because of a higher discount rate.     

村井胜美：丰田之败败在管理

已过花甲之年的村井胜美在22岁大学刚毕业时就已经加入丰田。     

The impact of inventory dynamics on long-term stock returns – An empirical investigation of U.S. manufacturing companies

This paper investigates the relationship between the inventory dynamics and long-term stock returns of a large panel of U.S. manufacturing firms over the time period from 1991 to 2010. We propose two measures of inventory dynamics: one metric to assess the fluctuations of quarterly inventories within the year and a second metric to quantify relative year-over-year inventory growth. Our results indicate that within-year inventory volatility (IV) and abnormal year-over-year inventory growth (ABI) are associated with abnormal stock returns. Both metrics cannot be entirely explained by common risk factors. We find that firms with high IV and low ABI have the best long-term stock returns, and that stock performance decreases monotonically with higher ABI values. Our results are robust to various control variables including size, book-to-market value, industry and prior performance. We therefore conclude that changes in inventory levels provide valuable insights into the risks and opportunities faced by a company.     

Acquirer Characteristics and Method of Payment: Evidence from Chinese Mergers and Acquisitions

This study examines the effects of acquirer characteristics on method of payment of Chinese acquirers on the basis of a sample of 1370 mergers and acquisitions that occurred between 1998 and 2008. Using both buy and hold abnormal returns and calendar time abnormal returns approaches, we find that Chinese acquirers experience pre‐acquisition abnormal returns ranging from 14.29% to 121% over the period of 12–36 months prior to the acquisition relative to three different portfolio benchmarks. In the pre‐bid period, acquisitions financed by shares outperform acquisitions financed by cash. However, in the post‐acquisition period, we document no significant difference between cash‐financed and equity‐financed acquisitions. The study also finds that acquirer market value, Tobin's Q, state ownership and leverage have significant effects on the method of payment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The remuneration of CEOs and corporate financial performance in Norway

Economics and management literatures advocate that senior company executives should be remunerated on the basis of the financial performance of the firms they manage. This helps align the interests of management with those of stockholders. There are, however, problems in implementing pay for performance schemes and these, along with other factors, may lead to there being no empirical relationship between compensation and stockholder returns. This study set out to explore the determinants of chief executive compensation in Norwegian stock exchange listed firms. To date there have been very few studies on this topic using data from Norway; most previous research has employed American data. The results show a positive relationship between CEO pay and corporate size but there was no significant association between remuneration and corporate financial performance as measured by accounting profitability and as measured by stock returns. Estimates of the value added by companies were significantly related to chief executive pay. There was also a positive and significant relationship between a CEO's compensation and the average wage level of the company. This association may be due to the unique characteristics of Norway's social and economic structure.     

竞争对手的负面盈余意外：一损俱损还是此消彼长?

以2011—2021年A股上市公司为研究样本，聚焦高集中度的垄断行业，以负面盈余意外作为关键事件，以事件公司同行业其他公司作为焦点公司，采用事件研究法探究竞争对手负面盈余意外对焦点公司市场反应的影响。研究发现，在垄断行业中，竞争对手发生负面盈余意外的两天内(竞争对手发布盈余公告的当天和接下来一天),焦点公司的累计超额收益显著为正，且竞争对手的负面盈余意外程度越大，焦点公司的累计超额收益越高，说明竞争对手负面盈余意外在行业内产生了显著的竞争效应。进一步研究发现，产品可替代性以及焦点公司与竞争对手的相似度均会加剧正面溢出，而行业增长对正面溢出具有显著的缓解作用。     

丰田汽车成本企划实施案例分析

成本企划最早萌芽于20世纪60年代初期,源自日本丰田汽车公司的新车开发和车型更新中。它使丰田以价低质高的绝对优势击败了全球诸多竞争对手,成为过去10多年里全球盈利能力最强的汽车公司。20世纪80年代以来,成本企划在日本企业得到广泛应用,成为日本型成本管理模式的核心和精华。文章在描述丰田汽车成本企划架构的基础上,对其进行总结,以期得出有助于我国企业成本管理的几点启示。     

Do Managers Trade on Public or Private Information? Evidence from Fundamental Valuations

Using accounting-based (residual income) valuations, this study examines the extent to which abnormal returns after insider share trades are explained by private information versus mispricing of public information. For a sample of insider trades in the Netherlands (1999–2008), I find that managers' share purchase decisions are associated with positive future abnormal returns as well as equity undervaluation. Even though undervaluation results in predictable price increases, positive abnormal returns following purchases persist after controlling for fundamental valuations. Thus, this study provides evidence on the sources of managers' personal trading gains and suggests that positive abnormal returns after insider share purchases reflect both private information and managers' responses to market mispricing of public information.     

Impact of Environmental Performance on Firm Value for Sustainable Investment: Evidence from Large US Firms

This research examines the impact of environmental performance on firm value, applying the event study methodology to Newsweek’s ‘Green Rankings’ announcement of 2012 for large US firms. Specifically, it analyzes the impact of the absolute green score and green rank of firms on their performance in the stock market. We found that investors perceive the announcement as positive news, leading to significant positive standardized cumulative abnormal returns (SCARs). After controlling for industry‐ and firm‐specific effects, we observed that firms with repeated green rankings for enhancing environmental performance showed significantly higher SCARs than those with either reduced or unchanged environmental performance. In addition, the environmental impact score measuring environmental damage from a firm's operational activities was found to be the most influential factor in improving the firm's value. Our findings are beneficial to managers in allocating resources to different types of environmental initiative, and provide valuable insight for sustainable environmental investment. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment     

Partners of USEPA Climate Leaders: an Event Study on Stock Performance

This research utilized an event study method to assess how the stocks of publicly traded companies responded before and after announcing their partnership with the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Climate Leaders program. Although the stocks exhibited an average non‐significant positive abnormal return of 0.56% on the day of the announcement, the cumulative abnormal returns for the stock prices of the firms for two of the three event windows showed statistically significant negative returns. These results suggest that these firms' public announcements of joining the USEPA Climate Leaders partnership did not have a positive impact on stock performance. While no immediate financial benefit was found in this research, the practices implemented by these firms to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions may still bode well for long‐term corporate earnings and attractiveness to investors. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.     

The customer consequences of returns in online retailing: An empirical analysis

Pressure continues to build on the operations management function to facilitate system and firm level benefits. In the online marketplace, one area of growing interest is that of product returns. Though commonly viewed as a cost center from an operations perspective, operations’ actions have the potential to strongly influence future customer buying behavior in several ways. Using an archival database of actual purchase and returns history provided by a moderately sized online retailer, this study examines the relationship between a customer's experience of product returns, and subsequent shopping behavior. Employing transaction cost, consumer risk, and procedural justice theories, we demonstrate that the returns management process, rather than being regarded as an afterthought to the production and deployment of goods, can significantly and positively influence repurchase behavior. Additionally, we provide evidence that certain customers should be considered for prioritization in the returns process. We suggest ways through which operations managers can take care in discharging their responsibilities in this area – to make returns processing more than simply a “necessary cost of doing business” rather, using it to their advantage in engendering repeat and increased purchase behavior.     

SPACs: An overview and assessment of returns

Special purpose acquisition companies (SPACs) originated in the 1980s. A SPAC is a shell company formed by a sponsor to raise capital through a SPAC IPO to acquire or merge with an existing (target) private company. In a SPAC IPO, the units issued, consisting of (1) shares of common stock and (2) warrants, are typically priced at a nominal $10. Until 2022, SPAC IPOs were an increasingly popular alternative to traditional IPOs. We provide an overview of SPACs and an assessment of two measures of returns to SPACs, one is market-adjusted buy and holds abnormal returns, and the other is risk-adjusted abnormal returns by estimating a three-factor regression model. The return calculations are based on 299 SPAC completed mergers between January 2013 and December 2021. Our results indicate that the main driver in a series of regressions, including various explanatory variables in explaining deSPAC returns, is the extent of warrants issued in a SPAC IPO, and robustness checks confirm these results.     

探讨我国缺陷产品召回分级监管模式

在我国,缺陷产品安全问题已经引起政府和民众的高度重视,完善缺陷产品召回制度的呼声与日俱增。文章从缺陷产品召回的法律依据分析人手,剖析了我国缺陷产品召回制度的现状,指出分级式监管模式是未来发展的方向;探讨了缺陷产品召回分级监管模式,给出了信息收集与研判、缺陷调查与认定、缺陷产品召回3个关键性流程;分析了缺陷产品召回分级监管模式的重点工作,着重介绍了缺陷信息管理平台建设、产品缺陷专家队伍建设和风险监测与评估3个环节。     

Is evil rewarded with evil? The market penalty effect of corporate environmentally irresponsible events

The negative response of the capital market to environmentally irresponsible events is an important governance mechanism that motivates enterprises to assume environmental responsibility. Based on the theory of effective markets and organizational legitimacy, this paper takes corporate environmentally irresponsible events in Chinese environmentally sensitive industries during the period of 2014–2018 as a research sample, and our work uses the event study methodology to explore the penalty effect of the capital market from a mathematical empirical and case empirical dimension. Furthermore, this research discusses the spillover effect of corporate environmentally irresponsible events in the capital markets. The empirical results show that once an irresponsible event is exposed, it causes a significant negative cumulative abnormal return (CAR) in the short term, and the difference between the industry and the ownership type leads to a significant difference in the duration and impact of the penalty effect. More interestingly, the capital market's penalty for corporate environmentally irresponsible events may have a notable industry spillover effect, but there are differences between the penalty effect and the spillover effect in different markets. This paper confirms that the penalty mechanism of the capital market related to an environmentally irresponsible event can effectively restrain the behaviour of the company involved and the industry to which it belongs, and it may also provide a new way for the government to build an eco‐environmental protection system of multisubject “co‐governance” and bring the punitive “forced” mechanism of the capital market to bear on corporate environmentally responsible behaviour.     

International acquisitions in the united states: Evidence from returns to foreign bidders

This paper provides evidence on the minimally explored topic of abnormal returns earned by stockholders of foreign bidders seeking to acquire a target firm in the USA. Four sources of influence on abnormal returns are identified: changes in net wealth of the bidder associated with changes in exchange rates; possible value-destroying managerial discretionary behavior by bidders with excess cash flows, as suggested by Jensen; comparative advantages for foreign bidders domiciled in relatively favorable tax jurisdictions; ownership status of the target, i.e. whether the target is an entire firm and whether it involves divested assets. The study includes 77 firms from 10 countries. The results show that stockholders of foreign bidders earn significant, negative abnormal returns surrounding the announcement of an acquisition in the USA. These abnormal returns become increasingly negative over the 15 days after the announcement of the acquisition, indicating that more information about the acquisition is revealed to investors subsequent to the initial announcement. Cross-sectional regressions indicate that relative exchange rates and cash positions explain variation in abnormal returns. A decline in the value of the dollar increases abnormal returns for the foreign bidder, thus supporting the net wealth hypothesis. The results also show that cash-rich foreign firms tend to enjoy higher abnormal returns when making acquisitions in the USA. The result provides support for the Froot and Stein cash-constrained hypothesis rather than for Jensen's free-cash-flow theory.