国有企业正式契约关系中管理者薪酬制度研究—基于委托代理理论

现阶段我国国有企业委托人与代理人之间最重要的契约关系为正式契约,本文从该角度出发,认为正式契约关系中最重要的是代理人薪酬制度的设计.基于正式契约的合理薪酬制度有利于约束代理人的机会主义行为,激励代理人为委托人的利益而行动.根据对代理人工作绩效评价标准制定的出发点不同,可以将薪酬制度分为两种:一是职务职能薪酬制度;二是成果主义薪酬制度.此外还应该在这两种薪酬制度之间建立一个薪酬沟通机制,使委托和代理双方达到一致满意.     

基于博弈理论的委托代理策略探讨

委托代理理论是在利益相冲突和信息不对称的环境下,研究委托人如何设计最优契约激励代理人,使代理人的努力水平符合委托人的利益。存在委托代理关系就无法避免监督问题。监督与否与其力度直接影响委托、代理双方利益获得。从静态博弈和重复博弈的角度,分别探讨了委托人监督与否、代理人经营利益目标的决策策略。     

国有企业委托代理问题及激励约束机制的完善

由于委托代理问题的存在,国有企业必须设计委托代理制度,包括激励机制、约束机制,以协调委托人和代理人的目标函数,使代理人在追求个人财富最大化的同时实现委托人的预期效用最大化。本文分析了我国国有企业委托代理制度上面临的问题,并提出完善激励约束机制对策建议。     

委托——代理视野中的激励机制设计思路探析

本文将激励机制设计问题纳入委托代理理论视野中,以客观存在的委托代理关系为分析激励问题逻辑起点,针对代理人可能存在败德行为的问题,主张调整委托人与代理人之间的产权结构安排,重新界定现存委托——代理关系中委托人、代理人的角色,转变委托人与代理人的利益关系格局,使委托人和代理人的利益在激励运行过程中形成“双赢”格局。     

委托-代理视野中的激励机制设计思路探析

本文将激励机制设计问题纳入委托代理理论视野中，以客观存在的委托代理关系为分析激励问题逻辑起点，针对代理人可能存在败德行为的问题，主张调整委托人与代理人之间的产权结构安排，重新界定现存委托——代理关系中委托人、代理人的角色，转变委托人与代理人的利益关系格局，使委托人和代理人的利益在激励运行过程中形成“双赢”格局。     

代理理论与管理报酬契约研究

代理理论的核心问题就是委托人如何设计一个最优激励与约束机制 ,以促使代理人从自身利益出发选择对委托人最有利的行为。最优机制的设计要考虑激励相容约束和个人理性约束 ,同时也需考虑效率问题。最优激励与约束机制体现在签订的管理报酬契约中。管理报酬契约签订的关键在于确定委托代理双方都能观察得到的业绩衡量标准。最理想的报酬契约应将股票价格和净利润共同作为业绩衡量标准。我国上市公司管理报酬契约的设计除了要保证报酬契约方案本身具有激励兼容的功能外 ,加强上市公司内外治理也是不可或缺的 ,同时还需有完善的政策法规。     

基于委托代理理论的服务外包分析

委托代理理论和博弈理论,将委托代理过程分成代理人的工作结果可完全由工作情况决定和不可以完全由工作情况决定两种情况,分别建立有不确定性但可监督的委托人-代理人动态博弈模型和有不确定性且不可监督的委托人-代理人动态博弈模型,分析委托代理双方在委托代理过程中各阶段的风险和收益,从而找出两种模型中双方的激励参与约束和激励相容约束,得出一系列的激励模式。     

论国有企业内部会计控制失效的原因与对策

本文提出了国有企业的委托代理问题是国有企业内部会计控制失效的根本原因。固有企业的委托代理关系的诸多问题：委托/代理关系信息不对称；委托人监督控制力不够；委托人和代理人的责任风险不对等；委托人和代理人的目标利益不一致，导致了国有企业内部会计控制失效；同时提出了治理对策：加大监督力度，使委托人和代理人信息最大限度的对称；明晰国有企业产权；积极设计经营者的报酬机制，促使经营青与所有者利益相容；营造充分的竞争环境，强化市场竞争计代理人的约束。解决了国有企业的委托代理问题，代理人才有动力去有效的实施内部会计控制制度，企业内部会计控制制度才会真正发挥其应有的作用.     

会计信息失真的原因

一、企业内部原因 1.委托人与代理人之间的委托代理关系.根据契约理论中的委托代理理论,企业是一个在其框架中由相互合作的大量生产要素所有者达成的书面或非书面的契约.契约的一方当事人为资产的所有者,即委托人;契约的另一方为资产的使用者,即代理人(受托人).在所有权与经营权分离的条件下,委托人将资产的使用权以契约形式转让给代理人(受托人),契约(代理)关系即宣告成立,在企业内部,所有者与经营者之间便表现为委托代理关系.股东作为委托人拥有剩余索取权,其目标是企业价值最大化,着眼于企业的长远利益,因此要求代理人在经营过程中实现资本的保值和增值.     

委托—代理理论失效的原因分析

国内外实证研究表明,现行的委托-代理问题的激励理论并不能有效激励代理人努力地为委托人工作,仅从代理人收益角度来回答激励不足问题是不够的,还需要从代理人产生与激励相互联系的制度基础上寻找原因。     

The Multifaceted Impact of Corruption on International Trade

The purpose of this paper is to perform a detailed examination of corruption effects on trade based on corruption characteristics known to affect economic exchange within the corruption research field. These characteristics are the level, prevalence, customs location, function and predictability of corruption. The multifaceted corruption impact on trade is empirically examined using a corruption‐augmented gravity equation. The equation is estimated using a Heckman version of a GMM instrumental variable method. Our results provide strong evidence of that import flows vary systematically with the investigated corruption characteristics and enable the identification of channels through which corruption affects international trade. The empirical investigation clearly indicates the need to examine the multifaceted role of corruption to properly assess the trade effects of corruption.     

Corruption and Its Effects on FDI: Analysing the Interaction Between the Corruption Levels of the Home and Host Countries and Its Effects at the Decision-Making Level

This study furthers our understanding of how corruption affects the decision-making process of allocating foreign direct investment. Drawing on the responses of 28 managers in charge of establishing operations in a highly corrupt host country, we argue that those firms based in home countries with low levels of corruption are more proactive in preparing to face corruption abroad than those based in countries with high corruption levels. This means that firms from less corrupt home countries have strategies in place to deal with high corruption abroad. This finding is based on the fact that these firms have stronger pressures to not engage in corruption from their home stakeholders. Also, these firms might not have the experience of dealing with corruption at home, which hinders their potential to deal with corruption abroad. On the other hand, those firms based in highly corrupt home countries do not have clear strategies to deal with corruption abroad. This assertion is based on the fact that these firms might have familiarity in dealing with corruption and thus, might not see it as an obstacle to operating abroad.     

Corruption in international business: A review and research agenda

We systematically reviewed the literature on corruption in international business (137 articles) for the last 17 years between 1992 and 2019. Additionally, we identified seven research streams in this growing literature: (1) the legislation against corruption, (2) the determinants of corruption, (3) combating corruption, 4) the effect of corruption on firms, (5) the political environment and corruption, (6) corruption as a challenge to existing theories of management, and (7) the effect of corruption on foreign direct investment and trade. Based on this review, we recommend that strong international laws are needed to minimize the negative impact of corruption on international business. Firms must also consider corruption when formulating strategies to increase operational efficiency and performance. Finally, corruption challenges some key assumptions of existing theories of management. Scholars need to test and expand these existing theories by considering corruption as an important issue in international business.     

Both Sides of the Coin: Motives for Corruption Among Public Officials and Business Employees

The aim of this study is to better understand why public officials and business employees engage in corruption. Insight into individual-level explanations for corruption was obtained with the aid of a self-report survey. The results suggest that the most indicative factors of whether or not individuals are corruption-prone are as follows: the moral conviction they have to refrain from corruption; perceptions of whether their colleagues approve of and engage in corruption; and difficulties experienced in complying with the rules on corruption. This result pattern was identical for public officials and business employees alike, and as a consequence, for both sides of corrupt acts. The latter indicates that the same motives may not only underlie corruption in both private and public sectors, but also the act of corruption in its active and passive forms. The results of the current study do not provide strong support for the assumption that economic considerations—expected costs and benefits—are crucial in predicting corruption. Based on the findings that norms and the perceived opportunity to comply are dominant factors in explaining corruption, this article focuses on the practical implications for the development of anti-corruption strategies within both public and private sectors.     

Does corruption increase emerging market bond spreads?

We study the relationship between corruption and borrowing costs for governments and firms in emerging markets. Combining data on bonds traded in the global market with survey data on corruption compiled by Transparency International, we show that countries that are perceived as more corrupt must pay a higher risk premium when issuing bonds. The global bond market ascribes a significant cost to corruption: an improvement in the corruption score from the level of Lithuania to that of the Czech Republic lowers the bond spread by about one-fifth. This is true even after controlling for macroeconomic effects that are correlated with corruption. We find little evidence that investors became more sensitive to corruption in the wake of the Asian financial crisis.     

Opportunism, corruption and the multinational firm's mode of entry

The paper develops a theoretical approach to the boundaries of the multi-national firm in the context of institutional constraints in host countries, focusing especially on corruption. The model incorporates two types of corruption: petty bureaucratic corruption and high-level political corruption. The model predicts that-in the absence of corruption-multinational firms will prefer FDI (internal expansion with strong control rights) to debt (arm's length expansion with loose control rights), the weaker the host country's ability to commit. However, both types of corruption shift the trade-off marginally toward debt. Cross-country panel empirical evidence supports these conclusions. Corruption has a second order marginal effect and matters mostly through its interaction with political risk.     

Globalisation and Corruption,Revisited

This paper presents new empirical evidence on the determinants of corruption, focussing on the role of globalisation and inequality. The estimates for a panel of 102 countries over the period 1995–2005 point to three main results: (i) Detection technologies, reflected in a high level of development, human capital and political rights reduce corruption, whereas natural resource rents increase corruption; (ii) Globalisation (in terms of both trade and financial openness) has a negative effect on corruption, which is more pronounced in developing countries; (iii) Inequality increases corruption, and once the role of inequality is accounted for, the impact of globalisation on corruption is halved. In line with recent theory, this suggests that globalisation – besides reducing corruption through enhanced competition – affects corruption also by reducing inequality.     

New perspectives on corruption contagion

Is corruption within one country affected by corruption within another? Few studies have examined this question in detail due to the difficulty of measuring corruption and paucity of consistent data over an adequate time span. I use a cross-country panel data-set spanning 1995–2014 to examine how domestic corruption reacts to the culture of corruption amongst a country's regional neighbors. I find evidence that a reduction in regional corruption can actually lead to a worsening of corruption within a country, and vice versa. If in an open economy, regional graft lowers the level of income that a rent-seeking government can tax, a reduction in regional corruption can increase the marginal benefit of imposing a more extractive domestic policy by increasing the pool of exploitable funds. My results suggest that corruption will be an enduring institution in a more interconnected world.     

Anticorruption Strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons from Experience and Ingredients of a Successful Strategy

ABSTRACT

The effects of corruption on economic development have been extensively examined. There is overwhelming evidence that corruption is detrimental to economic progress. This, in turn, has provided the rationale to combat corruption. With the insistence of international development partners, many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have put in place anticorruption strategies to fight corruption. This paper looks at the strategies adopted by some Sub-Saharan African countries to combat corruption with a view to identifying the strengths and weaknesses. Based on the successes or failures of the strategies in the cases examined, the elements that constitute a successful anticorruption strategy are identified. Of the ingredients of anticorruption strategy examined in the paper, the political will to fight corruption appears to be the overriding factor in mounting a successful anticorruption campaign. Besides identifying the necessary factors for a successful anticorruption strategy, the paper also serves as an update on the state of corruption in Sub-Saharan Africa and the literature on the causes of corruption.     

企业腐败动机与“最优”腐败程度实证研究

对于企业向官员行贿动机的解释主要有两种相反的观点,一是企业为了获取政府帮助而主动行贿,二是企业在威胁逼迫条件下的被动行贿。文章从企业在应对政府和应对市场两项事务间的权衡出发,构建企业绩效与腐败强度间的二项式回归模型,通过与传统线性回归模型的比较,发现企业腐败是一种主动行为,腐败的目的是为了构建政治关系以获取相应回报。运用世界银行企业调查数据,二次项回归模型显示出绩效与腐败强度间显著的倒U型曲线关系,文章得出了企业的“最优”腐败程度并对其政策含义进行了解释。