海洋生态补偿量的计量分析

货币补偿是主要的海洋生态补偿方式,而进行货币补偿必须首先核算海洋生态补偿量。论文首先界定了海洋生态补偿量的计量范围,在分别从正外部性和负外部性的角度进行分析之后,认为海洋生态补偿量的计量范围应包括:海洋生态保护的直接投入、海洋生态资源的发展机会成本以及海洋生态损失的价值。文章在确立了十种海洋生态损失形式之后,针对每种海洋生态损失的价值计量进行分析。在此基础之上,分别建立了海洋生态保护投入补偿量、海洋生态资源发展机会成本补偿量及海洋生态损失补偿量的计量模型。     

山东半岛近海渔业资源修复与可持续发展对策

本文以山东半岛近海渔业资源的修复与可持续发展对策为研究主题,对山东省伏季休渔的规定和做法进行了梳理,以放流品种为线索总结了增殖放流的情况,得出了其有增加经济渔业资源、改善海洋生态环境、提高渔民捕捞收益等结论。本文在分析了近海渔业资源修复工作存在的不足与问题基础上,还提出了要控制沿海排污总量、实施捕捞配额制度、设置渔业资源保护区、发展海洋生态渔业、实现近海渔业资源修复与可持续发展的对策建议。     

从青岛开发区看我国近海渔业资源现状及修复对策

长期以来,青岛开发区渔业的发展走的是:高投入、高产出、高代价的路子,虽然满足了全区人民日益增长的水产品供应需求,填充了部分渔民的钱袋子,但也导致了对渔业资源的过度开发和对生态环境的严重破坏,水域生态荒漠化现象日益加重,珍贵水生野生植物资源急剧衰退,已成为制约该区渔业经济发展的突出因素.如何修复渔业资源,保护海洋生态环境,青岛开发区拟从以下四个方面入手进行加强:一是突出一个"统"字,促进环境保护"两个转变";二是强化一个"控"字,压缩渔业捕捞强度;三是重视一个"修"字,推动生态渔业建设;四是严格一个"治"字,加大海洋环境综合整治力度.     

海洋牧场建设基础上的生态旅游发展对策研究

随着经济不断发展,以及人们对美好生活的向往,尤其是人们对优质生态产品的需求不断扩大,近年来海洋经济越来越受到人们青睐。海洋牧场作为海洋经济的新增长点,具有促进当地渔业资源与水域生态修复的双重作用。推动海洋牧场建设与生态旅游有机结合,可以实现当地渔业产业生态价值、社会价值和经济价值的统一。     

海上风电与海洋牧场融合发展现状与实践探索

海上风电是海洋清洁能源开发的主力军，海洋牧场是海洋生态修复和渔业资源养护的重要组成部分。文章将通过综述海上风电与海洋牧场的发展现状及面临问题，阐述二者融合发展的必要性，研究风渔融合发展现状，分析风渔融合发展的可行性，并在广东阳江某风电场海域开展风渔融合试验验证。试验研究认为海上风电与海洋牧场具有良好的可结合性，是未来海上资源综合开发利用的重要模式之一，也将助力我国海洋经济高质量发展。     

渔业生态标签制度的发展与问题

在如何提高渔业资源可持续利用水平这一国际背景下,FAO倡导创设渔业生态标签并提出了初步设想,随后MSC进一步丰富和发展了这一制度。实践证明,生态标签制度通过市场力量,有助于提高渔业从业者保护渔业资源和环境的意识,因而有助于渔业资源的可持续利用。本文旨在系统介绍渔业生态标签制度的基本理念、发展过程、应用情况及其引发的问题。     

长山群岛海域生物资源承载力评价指标体系研究

近些年,海域生物资源承载力是海岛生态系统可持续发展的基础。本文总结承载力发展的内涵和简史,初步定义了海域生物资源承载力的概念模型。参考海域承载力、海洋生态环境承载力、渔业资源可持续利用和基于P-S-R的指标体系,根据长山群岛的主要生态问题和限制因素,初步建立长山群岛生物资源承载力评价指标体系,探讨了指标体系的进一步筛选方法。     

山东省海洋渔业发展分析

山东省是我国海洋经济大省,海洋渔业是其主要海洋产业之一。根据海洋渔业产值变化分析,海洋渔业在山东海洋经济中的比例逐渐下降。根据区位熵分析,山东海洋渔业的发展强度也在降低。究其原因,主要是近海渔业资源衰退和生产成本上升造成山东省海洋捕捞产量不断下滑,海洋生态环境污染和发展空间减少使海水养殖产量增长缓慢。基于此,要通过积极发展海水养殖,优化海洋捕捞生产结构,保护渔业资源和保护海洋生态环境来促进山东海洋渔业的发展。     

山东省暨日照市渔业资源修复仪式在日照举行

6月18日，山东省暨日照市渔业资源修复活动在日照市启动。贾万志副省长为渔业资源修复仪式的举办发来贺信，农业部渔政指挥中心副主任居礼、黄渤海区渔政局局长刘元林、山东省海洋与渔业厅厅长侯英民参加了启动仪式，并乘船赴日照港外海进行了增殖放流，参观了人工鱼礁建设及生态效果情况。     

海洋油气开发对渔业资源的影响及对策研究

海洋油气开发生产过程中产生的噪声、污染物、落海石油和溢油等对海洋渔业资源产生了较大影响,致使海洋渔业资源的产量、质量下降.如何将海洋油气开发对渔业资源的不良影响降低到最低?关键在于要树立海洋生态环境价值观,完善海洋石油污染法律法规体系,建立完善的海洋石油开发环境影响评价制度,海洋石油开发企业生产中采用清洁生产技术等措施,最终实现海洋油气开发和渔业资源和谐发展.     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.