创业板上市公司IPO定价机制研究

本文在回顾新股发行制度改革的基础上,以新询价制为切入点,运用我国创业板市场2009年10月-2011年4月上市的新股为样本,从新股的询价区间及定价调整的角度对创业板询价制下的IPO抑价进行了实证研究。研究表明:询价制加强了新股定价的市场化,切合了新股发行折价的风险-收益对等的市场原则;机构投资者参与询价的经验不足,定价能力有待进一步提高。     

创业板IPO折价实证研究

IPO折价现象在我国的股票市场上广泛存在。本文通过对国内外IPO折价相关文献的回顾,选取创业板上市的152支股票作为研究样本,通过计算未经市场指数调整的首日收益率和经过市场指数调整的首日超额收益率来估计IPO折价的情况。对IPO影响因素的选择分别基于新股发行情况、投机泡沫假说以及承销商声誉假说,选取5个变量与首日超额收益率进行线性回归。以说明,在创业板市场,IPO折价现象的产生并非发行人和承销商的有意行为,新股的供不应求和投资者的投机行为导致了创业板IPO现象的产生。     

风险投资机构特征、投资者情绪与IPO折价

院基于2004 年6 月-2011 年6 月深圳中小板和创业板上市公司数据,文章从异质性风险投资机构和投资者情绪两个角度出发,研究了它们对IPO 折价的影响.结果显示,投资者情绪指标对IPO 折价作用非常明显,首日换手率与IPO 折价显著正相关而新股中签率则相反.不同性质的风险投资机构在总体层面上对IPO 折价作用并不显著,但是有过成功IPO经验的风险投资机构或者有多种背景的风险投资机构参与能有效降低IPO 折价程度.     

创业板新股发行折价率的实证分析

上市公司发行新股,新股的价格一般比二级市场的价格低,称之为折价。2009年10月23日深圳创业板开市,创业板股票上市首日价格都暴涨,形成了比较高的折价率。将对创业板的39支股票进行折价率的实证分析。     

基于随机边界模型及分位数回归的IPO定价效率分析北大核心

本文以我国2005~2012年初上市的880家新股作为研究对象,运用随机边界模型实证检验了中国新股市场发行定价效率,并进一步采用分位数回归方法分析了不同发行价格水平下我国新股发行定价的影响因素问题。结果显示,我国新股发行市场的定价水平不是充分有效的,存在发行人故意折价的行为。发行前后每股净资产对发行价的影响比较稳定,不受价格变化的影响;本次股票实际发行数量和发行前总股数对发行价的影响较大,尤其在高发行价水平下更大;发行市盈率对定价水平的影响较小。     

基于随机边界模型及分位数回归的IPO定价效率分析

本文以我国2005~2012年初上市的880家新股作为研究对象,运用随机边界模型实证检验了中国新股市场发行定价效率,并进一步采用分位数回归方法分析了不同发行价格水平下我国新股发行定价的影响因素问题。结果显示,我国新股发行市场的定价水平不是充分有效的,存在发行人故意折价的行为。发行前后每股净资产对发行价的影响比较稳定,不受价格变化的影响;本次股票实际发行数量和发行前总股数对发行价的影响较大,尤其在高发行价水平下更大;发行市盈率对定价水平的影响较小。     

封闭式基金的折价问题研究

本文在分析封闭式基金折价内在合理性的前提下，对我国封闭式基金的折价进行了实证分析。并结合我国证券市场的实际情况对我国封闭式基金的折价进行了解释。     

民营风险投资、声誉效应与新股价格炒作

声誉对于风险投资的后续融资具有重要意义,而IPO是风险投资的最佳退出方式和建立声誉机会,因此风险投资机构可能干预IPO过程和价格。以A股1 040家IPO公司为样本,通过分析风投参与对IPO首日收益及其价格的影响,研究了我国风险投资的声誉效应行为。在以往学者指出我国风险投资整体上存在声誉效应的基础上,进一步研究发现,我国风险投资的声誉效应主要存在于民营的风险投资机构;我国民营风投通过炒作新股上市首日价格获得高额IPO首日收益赚取声誉,而不是以发行折价为代价获得声誉。文章深化了我国风险投资机构声誉效应的相关研究,并为规范风险投资机构发展提供理论指导。     

新股长期表现研究综述

随着我国证券市场的不断发展,新股发行不断增加.新股上市后的长期表现如何成为广大投资者和研究人员关注的热点之一.文章分别就国外、国内学者对新股长期表现研究进行分析和综述,发现新股长期弱势在国外普遍存在,而在我国新股长期是否存在弱势表现仍存在争议,并提出了研究建议,期望为今后我国新股长期表现研究有所帮助.     

IPO抑价理论综述

IPO(initialpublicoffering)抑价是指新股发行价格低于上市首日市场价格,从而使申购到新股者可以获得稳定的收益。在我国抑价程度平均达到的130%,抑价幅度惊人。找出影响我国新股高抑价的原因,对于实现新股合理定价,完善我国新股发行的市场化改革,具有重要意义。     

Are government-linked IPOs underpriced? A three country privatization effort comparison

Underpricing in the case of the initial public offerings of private (non-government) firms has been well documented. However, there does not appear to be any systematic study of the price performance of “government-linked” companies or GLCs, which have been “privatized” through public offerings in the stock market. This study examines the hypothesis that the initial public offerings (IPOs) of such companies in the United Kingdom, Singapore, and Malaysia will not only be underpriced, but their degree of underpricing will be relatively greater when compared to firms with no governmental links. The results provide strong support for this hypothesis.     

The going-public decision and rent-seeking activities: Evidence from Chinese private companies

This paper examines the determinants and consequences of going public for Chinese private companies during the process of reforms and opening up in China with a full sample that includes 584 initial public offerings (IPOs) of private companies and 584 of non-listed private companies from 2006 to 2014. Our results first reveal that the decision to go public is positively correlated to firm size and the market-to-book (MTB) ratio of the corresponding industry and negatively correlated to financial leverage and firm age. However, when considering the role of rent-seeking activities, the effect of the MTB ratio switches from positive to negative. The evidence also indicates that IPOs have a negative impact on firm performance, although they have a positive impact on the asset liability ratio and total assets afterwards. These findings offer several useful insights for policymakers and researchers.     

The impact of initial public offerings on innovations: Short-termism or initial governance force exit?

We study the impact of initial public offerings (IPOs) on corporate innovations in China. The findings suggest that going public significantly impedes corporate innovations by lowering overall innovation quality. For firms with shareholders selling or pledging less shares after IPO, the number of patents increases, but the nonself-citations per patent decrease relative to matched non-IPO firms. In contrast, for firms with shareholders selling or pledging more shares after IPOs, both the number of patents and nonself-citations per patent decrease. The magnitudes of impact in the latter are stronger than those of former, supporting the initial governance force exit hypothesis.     

媒体关注度对新股表现的影响——来自中国股票市场的证据

新闻媒体对证券投资的影响日趋重要,它会通过影响投资者的心理和行为而影响资产价格。首次公开发行的股票(IPOs)由于倍受媒体关注,从而会在上市以后的价格表现上产生一定的影响。本文选取2006年6月至2008年6月上市的246只首次公开发行的股票作为样本,以百度新闻搜索到包含股票名称的新闻数量作为媒体关注度的衡量指标,实证检验了媒体关注度对新股表现的影响。本文得出结论:媒体关注度通过影响投资者情绪,对新股短期累积超额收益产生正的影响,而对长期累积超额收益产生负的影响。同时发现,媒体关注度高的新股,其发行价格也相对较高。     

Managing Underpricing? The Case of Pre‐IPO Discretionary Accruals in China

Previous studies have found that companies use income‐increasing positive discretionary accruals (DAC) prior to initial public offerings (IPOs) to inflate earnings as a signal to anticipate future income and future dividends. This study, directly explores the role of DAC in prospectus information of 691 A‐shares IPOs in China during the period 1995–2002 and its relationship with market‐adjusted returns. The results suggest that in China, pre‐IPO non‐discretionary accruals (NDAC) as well as DAC have informative value in explaining first‐day returns as well as first‐year adjusted returns. However, in yearly cross‐sectional models, I find that firms use income‐decreasing accruals (conservative accounting) in prospectus financial statements. This downward manipulation or income “understatement” creates a regulatory setting that could explain initial underpricing and abnormally high IPO returns for A‐shares. In addition, the results show that as state ownership (SO) increases, cash flow also increases, exacerbating agency costs and adverse selection problems. These findings may suggest that managers might be using more conservative accounting in Prospectus financial data to offset the agency costs related to high cash flow, and high SO, by “banking income” and possibly therefore “smoothing” the effects of possible future suboptimal earnings.     

Personal Taxes and the underpricing of initial public offerings

The purpose of this paper is to propose an alternative explanation for the underpricing of initial public offerings (IPOs). The first section reviews the empirical evidence on underpricing IPOs in support of various alternative hypotheses that have been put forth in the literature. This is followed by our model which examines the effect of personal taxes paid by entrepreneurs on the choice of the issue price. We show that, in the presence of taxes and for certain levels of ownership retained by the entrepreneur, it may be preferable to underprice the issue. This theoretical result is reinforced by both the simulation and empirical tests.     

A model for IPO pricing and contract choice decision

This paper attempts to reconcile the average underpricing phenomenon with the expected wealth maximizing behaviors of market participants. Under the usual informational asymmetry, the optimal offer price for best efforts IPOs is derived as a function of the uncertainty about market’s valuation, the expected return on proposed projects and the size of offerings relative to the firm’s market value. According to these firm-specific characteristics, best efforts IPOs can be underpriced, fairly priced, or overpriced. Employing the investment banker as an outside information producer, the basic pricing model is extended to provide empirical implication for underwriting contract choice decision as well as for the pricing. Consistent with the existing empirical evidences, the model predicts that the issuers with greater uncertainty about market’s valuation choose best efforts contract over firm commitment contract and that the dispersion of initial returns would be greater for best efforts IPOs than for firm commitment IPOs.     

The post-offering performance of IPOs in the health care industry

This paper investigates the post-offering performance of initial public offerings in the health care industry in a sample of 223 IPOs issued between 1985 and 1996. Statistically insignificant abnormal returns for IPOs relative to matched control firms and risk-adjusted health care index are evident for the whole sample. Thus, our empirical results support the overall information efficiency in the IPO market. However, numerical and statistical differences of the IPOs’ abnormal returns are documented in every subgroup specified according to the issuance years and sectors. We conjecture that such differences are due to the growing threat of government intervention and the significant structural changes.(JEL11, C11) The views expressed herein are our own and do not necessarily reflect the views of our colleagues.     

Industry clustering of initial public offerings

Extant empirical evidence has documented both a temporal variation in the number of initial public offerings (IPOs) and an industry clustering effect in these offerings. This article attempts to provide insights into this phenomenon by: (i) identifying industry conditions that influence IPO clustering, (ii) analyzing differences in characteristics of clustered versus non‐clustered IPOs, and (iii) studying the impact of IPO clustering on long‐run operating performance. We find that IPO clustering is more likely to occur in high‐growth fragmented industries that are characterized by strong investment opportunities, favorable investor sentiment, and which require high levels of investments in R&D. Further, we document a negative relation between post‐IPO operating performance and whether the IPO firm goes public in its industry cluster period. We conclude that the relatively poor post‐IPO operating performance of firms that go public in industry cluster periods likely reflects industry overinvestment arising from too many firms within that industry chasing the same investment opportunities. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Factors affecting secondary share offerings in the IPO process

We investigate whether the sale of secondary shares in the IPO process is affected by an issuing firm's market-timing and window-dressing activities. We find that secondary share offerings in IPOs exhibit positive autocorrelation, and the positive autocorrelation is mainly affected by the overall stock market return. Similar to the IPO wave, this finding suggests that favorable market conditions attract existing pre-IPO shareholders to sell their shares in IPOs and cause the clustering of secondary share offering in IPOs. In addition, we find that window dressing has a significant effect on both the probability of secondary share offering and the proportion of secondary shares offered in an IPO. The result is robust after controlling for firm age, industry affiliation, and other factors. Our result also indicates that the number of firms offering secondary shares in IPOs, the probability of secondary share offerings, and the proportion of secondary shares offered in IPOs are significantly lower in the Internet bubble period.