Can Mergers to Monopoly,Price Fixing,and Market‐Division Agreements Raise Welfare?

Naked market division, price fixing agreements and mergers which result in dominant positions have long been opposed by the courts and the government because of the high likelihood that they will result in a reduction in output and an increase in price. We show that the opposite may be true if the market is characterized by marketing spillovers. When marketing investment is required to educate consumers about the general capabilities or qualities of a product, marketing efforts by one producer will benefit rival producers. A theoretical model of these types of markets shows that marketing spillovers can forestall entry altogether or force incumbent firms to engage in ‘limit marketing’ that leaves the market underserved from a welfare‐maximizing perspective. Under these circumstances, market output and social welfare are potentially raised not only through horizontal agreements among competitors, but also through cost‐raising strategies and commitments to predatory behavior by incumbent firms.     

Implementing Marketing Strategy Through a Market Orientation

The adoption of specific marketing strategies is related to several factors in an organization including the organization's mission, objectives, resources, and market orientation. We report an exploratory study in which we define relationships between market orientation and marketing strategy in a high technology environment - the telecommunications industry in the United States. Market orientation is defined as a culture that influences how employees think and act. Our results indicate that a market orientation provides a context for the implementation of specific marketing strategies by serving as a moderator of operational marketing strategy. For example, those organizations who possess a strong market-oriented culture (high-spirited cultures) engage in value creation strategies such as market segmentation, developing new products/services for new markets, and product or service customisation. Those organizations possessing low market orientations (ineffectual cultures) generally practice less aggressive and internally focused strategies such as charging lower prices, providing limited customer service, product/service standardization, and undertake limited market research.     

广州化肥市场供求状况研究

通过对广州化肥市场的供求信息、经销商与农户对化肥营销策略的偏好进行调查,研究广州市场的行为特征,针对性地提出经销商管理农户需求信息、建立经销商品牌形象、提供满足农户意愿的营销策略等建议。     

Subsidiary Capacity Building in Emerging Markets: How Japanese MNEs Sequence Market Entry and Development Strategies in India

This paper asks the pragmatic question of how and to what extent firms build subsidiary competitiveness over time. By merging international business and international marketing theory, we integrate the unconnected discourses on market entry, development, product sequencing, and diffusion. The context of our research questions is marketing and entry strategies of four Japanese firms in India. All have had to learn the sequencing of both entry and product diversification. While strategies vary between the firms, the cases exhibit that entry and product diversification decisions are interlinked. Market entry configurations are central for developing market‐led solutions in large emerging markets. This study offers insights into how Japanese MNEs build subsidiary competitiveness when faced with the early stages of the Indian consumer market take‐off. Second, through the integration of international business and international marketing theory, we find that new product performance and international diversification interact in specific ways, and this contributes to future theoretical developments. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

创新流通理论营造市场和谐

在构建和谐社会的过程中,商业贸易、市场流通既有义不容辞的义务,又有先天有利的条件,和谐商业、和谐市场是和谐社会的一个重要组成部分,市场繁荣、流通规范、供求协调、消费顺畅是整个社会经济关系和谐的集中体现。流通从本质上来说是克服生产和消费之间矛盾的途径。合理的流通往往产生双赢乃至多赢的结果,能够增进整个社会的福利。营造市场和谐需要正确处理政府与市场的关系,政府不作为或过度作为都会成为市场混乱的原因。正确处理垄断与竞争的关系,同样是营造和谐市场必须解决的问题,只有打破垄断、约束垄断,维持必要的竞争,强化社会对垄断行业和企业的监督,才会达到市场和谐。当市场跨越国界,面对经济全球化的潮流时,营造和谐市场必须在坚持必要的国际贸易准则的同时,要坚决反对强势国家所推行的市场不公正。     

入境旅游客源市场与营销策略研究——以徐州市的入境旅游为例

以历史文化名城徐州市为例 ,从旅游动机、消费结构、信息渠道与产品评价等方面 ,分析了徐州市的入境旅游客源市场特征 ;从目标市场定位原则出发 ,研究了徐州市入境旅游客源市场的定位方略 ;提出了徐州市的入境旅游客源市场的营销策略 ,如旅游形象营销策略、区域整合营销规划、公众营销宣传形式以及旅游重点促销方案等     

An internet marketing framework for the World Wide Web (WWW)

It is likely that the World Wide Web (WWW) will come to play a significant role in the marketing strategies of many organisations, even when it fails to become the dominant marketing communications channel. A framework is required whereby an organisation can assess the potential of, develop a role for, create and manage a WWW site within its marketing strategy. The WWW is an interactive channel offering a potential for many‐to‐many communications to all players in a market. Existing frameworks either fail to recognise the implications of this or else they ignore it. This paper attempts to develop a framework which invites organisations to fundamentally rethink their marketing strategies through consideration of the opportunities presented by the WWW.     

Market segmentation

Market segmentation is a crucial marketing strategy. Its aim is to identify and delineate market segments or “sets of buyers” which would then become targets for the company's marketing plans. The advantage to marketing management is that this technique divides total demand into relatively homogeneous segments which are identified by some common characteristics. These characteristics are relevant in explaining and in predicting the response of consumers, in a given segment, to marketing stimuli.

The market can be subdivided by geographic, demographic, psychological, psycho‐graphic or behavioural variables. The advantages and disadvantages of each of these types of segmentation variables are discussed in detail in this paper. Kotier (1984) has identified four requirements that a marketer can use in evaluating the desirability of potential market segments, namely measureability, accessibility, substantiality and actionability. Once a segment has been identified which meets these requirements, it is possible to develop a product or service which meets the unfulfilled needs of this segment. A marketing mix can then be devised to reach the segment identified economically and efficiently. A strategy of market segmentation attempts to regain some of the benefits of the closer association with customers which was the strength of traditional business operations.     

区域旅游市场细分及营销策略研究——以长沙市为例

以长沙为例将区域旅游市场分为国内和境外两大市场,国内旅游市场又分为基础、重要和辅助旅游市场。境外旅游市场又分为基础、主要、重要和潜力市场。为此,长沙市旅游业发展,应针对不同区域市场的特点,实施政府主导总体把握,整合资源推出品牌,区域联合优势互补等营销策略,努力提高区域旅游市场营销的针对性和有效性。     

Integrated Marketing Communications and Market Planning

Abstract

This article links the integrated marketing communications (IMC) concept to the planning process in marketing. Following the current conceptualizations as a combination of various marketing communications tools, IMC strategy is applied to an established strategic market planning model named the Boston Consulting Group (BCG)'s growth-share matrix. Advertising, public relations, sales promotion, and direct marketing are defined as crucial elements for the core scheme. Alternative strategies for brands in different stages are identified from the product portfolio analysis. The view may also be thought of as the ongoing process of building and maintaining brand equity for consumers in the long-term period. Conceptual discussions are expected to help marketers think more strategically as they plan IMC programs for their products or services.     

企业市场边界的管理学思考

市场边界是影响企业边界的重要变量。当前社会经济环境下,由于企业规模和进入市场能力的差异、人为的进入市场障碍以及不同国家或地区市场发育成熟度不同等原因,企业只能在有限的市场进行经营活动,即企业只能在其市场边界内从事经营活动。发现或确认企业的市场边界对企业的高效运作具有重大意义。现实企业运作中存在大量无效或低效的经营活动,如超越企业自身能力的广告宣传活动等。企业的发展取决于企业生产能力的提高和市场边界扩张之间的互动。如果企业生产能力的提高是可控的,那么不可控的市场边界扩张及市场边界界定、选择就是企业运作成功与否的关键因素。市场边界的隐性假设在现实环境下应该是显性的,企业是在其市场边界内而不是在一个无边界的市场中开展经营活动。对市场边界的研究,包括市场边界的类型、影响因素、演变规律和基于市场边界考虑的经营决策特点等,应该成为当代管理学尤其是市场营销学研究发展的重点。     

The quality of British marketing: A comparison with US and Japanese multinationals in the UK market

This paper presents the findings of an empirical study comparing the marketing strategies and organisations of a matched sample of British companies and their US and Japanese competitors in the UK. Hypotheses about Japanese marketing are tested and provide a framework for the comparative analysis of the marketing effectiveness of the three sets of competitors. The findings highlight significant weaknesses in the marketing effort of British companies, these being exacerbated by excessive focus on short‐run financial gains. The US competitors, equally concerned with short‐term profits, were less committed to the UK market than their Japanese rivals, their market position being in danger of deteriorating further as the Japanese close the technological gap between them. The Japanese were unmistakably aggressive, single‐minded in their pursuit of market share and undeniably more market‐oriented than their US and British counterparts. This research was funded by the ESRC.     

虚拟市场B2C心理营销理论探析

虚拟市场是当今经济环境中新兴的市场,在此市场中如何让B2C营销发挥作用是一个亟待解决的问题。虚拟市场B2C心理营销理论的提出、结构、观点及研究过程的探索,目的在于明确网络营销仍然是关于人的营销,在制定和实施各种营销策略时必须充分考虑人的因素、特别是人的心理行为。利用虚拟市场B2C心理营销理论指导企业的B2C营销工作,使B2C营销真正能够为企业创造价值,扩大我国的B2C营销模式,促进我国网络经济健康有序地发展     

Impact of directed‐to‐consumers marketing strategies on firm market value

The objective of this paper is to analyse the impact of different directed‐to‐consumers marketing strategies on firm market value. To that end, we follow a microeconometric approach that consists of formulating a model whose dependent variable is an indicator of market value, that is to say, Tobin's Q, whilst the independent variables take the form of a number of different marketing strategies. This model is estimated by using an unbiased survey carried out in the year 2000 to executives working in 405 North‐American firms. The empirical results indicate that the most effective marketing strategies are, in this order, the ability to rapidly develop new products and services, the importance of both providing customized products and goods of high quality and finally, customer loyalty.     

International Market Segmentation and Cross-Export Strategies Development Case Study: Iranian Furniture Industry

ABSTRACT

By developing an international market and significant differences between countries in this regard, segmentation becomes an increasingly important concept in marketing. In this article, the international market of Iranian furniture industry is segmented and cross-exporting strategies are developed to increase the market share of Iranian furniture in each segment. To achieve this, two distance functions are introduced based on correlation between export groups to cluster countries with k-means algorithm. After market segmentation for increasing sales in each segment, cross-exporting strategies are predicted by extracting association rules in each segment based on Apriori algorithm to set export baskets.     

An empirical study of the international marketing strategies of e‐commerce companies

This study surveyed a random sample of 136 e‐commerce companies to provide baseline information about their marketing and international marketing strategies. The findings show that one in five companies do not market internationally and another four in ten generate 10% or less of their sales from international markets. About half of the companies reporting international sales did not adapt their strategies to the international markets. This may have contributed to the failure of many of these companies. A more savvy use of international marketing strategies by e‐commerce companies could be very helpful to their future well‐being. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Competitive Marketing Strategies: A Survey of Japanese Manufacturing Firms' Competitive Performance in the British Market

The role of Japanese corporations in world markets has become so crucial that an understanding of the rules of competition employed by the Japanese is essential for all those involved in international business. The aim of this survey was to gain an insight into the role marketing plays in affecting the competitive position of Japanese firms in the British market. In particular the researcher focused on the overall approach of Japanese companies to the marketplace and the process by which they identify and bring products to the market.

The broad findings emerging from this study present few surprises, Japanese companies do not seem to suffer from a “sales orientation”, a “production orientation” or “finance orientation” as opposed to a “marketing orientation”. The in‐roads being made into the British market are based by and large on a strategy aimed at satisfying customer needs and wants. Japanese companies saw their strengths in placing emphasis on research and engineering and bringing the right product to the market quickly and decisively.     

Meta‐marketing: Unifying organisational focus to achieve marketplace goals and objectives

Marketing and sales have not received the same emphasis from western leadership that they have in Japan. In the American model, one group markets, another sells, another designs and manufactures, and another sets organisational goals and objectives. Each area becomes separate and isolated without a common focus. Well‐designed meta‐marketing strategies directed by senior management can facilitate rapid and productive responses to changing environments.

To excel in a global economy, the field of marketing must take a new position, rethinking its fundamental relationship to all aspects of the organisation and its external environment. The perception of marketing must move beyond its present paradigm. To improve profits and sales by x percent each year is limiting. A business should expand in relation to potential, not last year's profits. A marketing focus must be designed that will increase market share, growth, short‐ and long‐term profits, and employment. Leadership can improve productivity by directing all employees to reflect a common corporate marketing and sales focus.     

零售商抵御消费市场寒流的营销方略

全球金融危机危及到国内消费市场,严重影响消费者购买信心,造成零售商销售业绩下滑。为了激发消费者购买信心,零售商应尽快调整营销战略,为低迷的消费市场注入活力。即建立供零联盟,降低商品成本;加强供零合作,让利消费者;发展零售商自有品牌实现商品低价。通过全新的营销方略,提升零售商的市场竞争力。     

外国背包旅游市场营销策略:以四川为例

背包旅游已成为旅游市场主流,采用访谈调查和统计分析方法,研究四川背包旅游市场行为特征,针对性地提出了四川背包旅游市场营销策略:四大旅游品牌构筑四川整体文化特色;点线结合空间战略促进背包客空间扩散;整合资源,发挥世界遗产旅游品牌优势;注重目的地背包旅游网络营销;与西部其它背包旅游目的地联合营销。