绿色经济背景下的民生林业发展对策研究

绿色经济发展背景下,我国民生林业发展机遇与挑战并存。当前,我国林业经营管理体制改革滞后;林业产品和服务需求的日益增长与森林资源质量不高、总量不足的矛盾突出;部分林区经济水平较低,给森林资源保护和开发带来巨大压力。应发挥生态文明理念对民生林业发展的引领作用,以资源优势推动民生林业发展,多途径加大民生林业的资金扶持力度,扩大林业生态产品贸易,同时以生态旅游为重点推动民生林业发展。     

林业经济贸易与生态U型关系研究

运用四个方程组成的联立方程组模型研究了我国林业经济增长、林业生态安全与林产品贸易的关系,林业生态指标采用林业生物灾害面积与造林面积等与生命生态直接相关的指标。研究结果认为林业生物灾害与林业产值之间出现正U关系,而造林面积与林业产值之间呈现倒U型关系,林产品贸易延缓了造林面积的降低,在一定程度上有保护生态的作用,而同时林产品贸易也带来了部分林业生物灾害。我国林产品出口是林产品大量进口的原因,林产品进口对林业经济增长的确有促进作用。同时林产品进口和林业产值之间也呈现倒U型关系。     

浅谈林业产业的发展与林业生态建设的关系

目前,我国的林业产业发展还处于一个相对比较低的发展状况,森林资源增长缓慢与社会对林业日益增长的多种需求之间的矛盾成为现阶段林业的主要矛盾,生态需求成为社会对林业的主要需求,生态建设是林业建设的首要任务。本文就我国林业生态建设的现状及存在的问题进行分析;就林业产业的发展与林业生态建设的问题进行探讨。     

基于生态经济协调发展的我国林业分类经营研究

林业是实现生态与经济协调发展的重要部门之一。我国传统林业经营模式已无法满足对生态环境保护和经济发展的需求,国内外林业实践告诉我们,现代林业发展必须走分类经营道路。实施林业分类经营是生态公益林得到保护与利用、商品林得到有效管理和发展的途径,是林业跨越式发展的必由之路。     

如何推进林业生态建设

森林可持续经营是森林资源与林地应当可持续地管理以满足当代和后代对社会、经济、生态、文化和精神的需求。林业可持续发展是我国现代林业的核心和基础。林业作为国民经济的重要基础产业,同时也是关系生态环境建设的公益事业,林业的可持续发展在国民经济可持续发展中起着不可替代的作用。森林资源和林业发展的重要性和目前的严峻状况,要求我们将可持续发展的理念深入到林业的建设中来。     

如何推进林业生态建设

森林可持续经营是森林资源与林地应当可持续地管理以满足当代和后代对社会、经济、生态、文化和精神的需求。林业可持续发展是我国现代林业的核心和基础。林业作为国民经济的重要基础产业,同时也是关系生态环境建设的公益事业,林业的可持续发展在国民经济可持续发展中起着不可替代的作用。森林资源和林业发展的重要性和目前的严峻状况,要求我们将可持续发展的理念深入到林业的建设中来。     

基于林业生态环境保护下的林业经济发展

当代社会,森林的作用越来越重要,社会对林木资源的需求也在增加。这样一来推动了我国林业产业的发展,二来正是由于人类过度的砍伐,使得林业生态的环境受到不同程度的损害。保护生态环境是我国的国策,要不断增强对林业生态环境的管理力度。林业经济应优先保护生态环境,在经济发展的同时,使其更富有生态的社会方面的价值,从而促进自然和社会和谐统一发展。     

林业分类经营与生勰济协调发展

我国传统林业经营模式已无法满足对生态环境保护和经济发展的需求,国内外林业实践告诉我们,现代林业发展必须走分类经营道路。实施林业分类经营是生态公益林得到保护与利用、商品林得到有效管理和发展的途径、,是林业跨越式发展的必由之路。     

创新林业分类经营战略推动生态经济协调发展

我国传统林业经营模式已无法满足对生态环境保护和经济发展的需求,国内外林业发展的实践告诉我们,现代林业发展必须走分类经营道路.实施林业分类经营是生态公益林得到保护与利用、商品林得到有效管理和发展的途径,是林业跨越式发展的必由之路.     

比较视野下的林业生态补偿制度

生态补偿是保护资源和生态环境的一项政策。自其出现后,生态补偿被很多发达国家和发展中国家采用,尤其是在林业领域。20世纪末,我国开始推行退耕还林等林业生态补偿项目,逐步建立林业生态补偿制度。但是,与一些成功实施林业生态补偿制度的国家相比,我国林业生态补偿制度在法律框架、组织框架、财政框架、透明度方面尚存不足。我国应借鉴国外经验,完善林业生态补偿制度的法律框架,遵循政府支持与市场运作相结合原则,拓宽林业生态补偿资金渠道,加强补偿的针对性。     

Does Medicare benefit the poor?

Measuring the progressivity of age-targeted government programs is difficult because no single data set measures income and benefit use throughout life. Previous research, using zip code as a proxy for lifetime income, has found that Medicare benefits flow primarily to the most economically advantaged groups, and that the financial returns to Medicare are often higher for the rich than the poor. However, our analysis produces the starkly opposed result that Medicare is an extraordinarily progressive public program, in dollar terms or welfare terms. These new results owe themselves to our measurement of socioeconomic status as an individual's education, rather than the geographically aggregated measures of income used by previous research. We argue that individual education has important practical and conceptual advantages over geographically aggregated measures of income. Our results suggest the crucial importance of accurate poverty measurement in evaluating the progressivity of complex government programs like Medicare or Social Security.     

On duality and the benefit function

This paper investigates the duality relationships between Marshallian and compensated price-dependent consumer demands. We associate the compensated price-dependent demand with Luenberger’s benefit function, which has nice aggregation properties and provides a general basis for conducting welfare analysis. As an analog to the well-known “Slutsky equation,” we derive a “Luenberger equation” establishing the general relationships between Marshallian and compensated price-dependent slopes. Our duality results strengthen the conceptual linkages between positive economic analysis and welfare analysis.     

Disability benefit microsimulation models in the Netherlands

Disability rates in the Netherlands used to be among the highest in the world. In 2002 the number of disability recipients approached one million. However, since then the number of disability cases has dropped remarkably due to a number of policy changes, the last of which being the new 2006 disability insurance scheme. On the other hand, in recent years the number of beneficiaries in the special scheme dedicated to the young handicapped has increased rapidly.     

Progression under the benefit approach to the theory of taxation

The implications for progression of the benefit approach to the theory of taxation are studied in this paper. It is concluded that the case for progression rests on the degree of substitutability between public and private goods.     

Crime and benefit sanctions

In this paper we look at the relationship between crime and economic incentives in a different way to other work in the economics of crime field. We look at empirical models where a toughening of the unemployment benefit regime can be used to study how people on the margins of crime may react to changes in economic incentives. We present three sets of complementary evidence, all of which show that toughening the benefit regime can have an unintended consequence, namely increases in crime. The first approach presents quasi-experimental evidence, looking at crime rates in areas of England and Wales before and after the introduction of a new, tougher unemployment benefit programme—the Jobseekers Allowance (JSA)—in October 1996. The second approach considers qualitative evidence on individuals affected by the change in the benefit regime. The third relates changes in area crime rates to post-JSA sanctions. Each of these approaches uncovers evidence of higher crime occurring as a consequence of the benefit reform.

论环境污染中的产权和利益分配

厂商的经济活动产生污染，危害了社会福利。如果环境质量产权为污染源附近的居民所有，他们通过与厂商的谈判达成一定的协议，可以维护自己的社会福利，但实际操作中存在一定的困难。政府主导下的污染控制措施，改变了产权关系，使污染源附近的居民承担了经济发展所带来的社会成本，他们应得到补偿。     

Immigration and the unemployment benefit programme in Australia

A widely held view is that immigrants contribute to public debt through their over representation in the unemployment benefit programme. An empirical investigation, based on the 1990 Income Distribution Survey, finds support for this view. In contrast to the US and Canadian studies, this paper observes that the probability of receiving unemployment benefits is higher for immigrants than the native-born population and immigrants, who participate in the unemployment benefit programme, also receive a greater amount of unemployment benefits.     

Re-employment probabilities of unemployment benefit recipients

This article studies transitions out of unemployment for benefit recipients in Spain. We analyse the duration of unemployment, distinguishing between spells that end in recall (workers returning to the previous employer) and spells that end in exit to a new job. This distinction allows us to find that the recall hazard rate increases around the time of exhaustion of benefits. However, this happens only for workers receiving Unemployment Insurance (UI). Because we are unable to replicate this result for workers receiving Unemployment Assistance (UA), we believe the finding lends support to the hypothesis that in Spain firms and workers make a strategic use of UI.     

Exploring the role of pesticide traders in protecting farmers' benefit

Owing to the inadequacy of the public extension services, farmers in developing countries often rely on the suggestions of agricultural input traders. As profit-making agents, these traders, in their turn, may have an incentive to exploit farmers by suggesting relatively expensive inputs. In this study, the Endogenous Switching Regression (ESR) estimation method is applied to demonstrate that input traders in many ways play the substitute role of the public extension agents in a developing country. In the process, this study relied on primary information collected from 379 farmers in Bangladesh in two seasons (N = 758). Then the ESR estimation procedure is applied to predict farmer's expenditure on pesticides, conditional on whether or not they rely on traders' advice. Findings of this study suggest that pesticide expenditures are not statistically different between the farmers that rely on traders' suggestions and those that do not. The study thus concludes that by providing unbiased, useful information to the client farmers, profit-maximizing agricultural input traders render the services of public extension workers, which corrects possible market failures.