武汉科技支行风险管理机制创新探析——以硅谷银行和杭州银行为鉴

美国硅谷银行开创了以高风险的科技型企业为服务对象的先河,并且有效管控了金融风险,其模式成为国内科技支行学习的样本,而杭州银行是第一所将硅谷模式本土化的国内银行,其不良贷款率也远低于同业水平,研究硅谷银行和杭州银行的风险管理机制有利于为武汉市乃至全国商业银行提供科技金融风控经验。     

什么造就了硅谷?

到底是什么造就了硅谷?彼得森总结为五条:企业家、投资人、研究人员、专业人士(法律、会计等)以及技术工人。在两天的时间里,中国企业家俱乐部代表团拜访了脸谱(Facebook)、谷歌(Google)和甲骨文(Oracle)等公司,与硅谷的创业者、风险投资家以及斯坦福大学的教授们进行了交流,围绕着硅谷的成功,探论企业和区域经济的创新之路。虽然侧重点有所不同,出席讨论会的美方人员一致认为,造就硅谷的是其独特的、几乎无法复制的创新生态环境。在这个环境中,以斯坦福大学为骨干的科研人员、富有想像力的企业家和敢于冒险的投资家,建立了相互依赖、相互激发、风险共担和收益共享的密切关系。     

硅谷冥想运动

目前,超过一千名谷歌职员参加了冥想课程,谷歌提供数十个与冥想和正见相关的课程。课程的目标是帮助员工们"开发"对待善良的精神习惯。谷歌和其他硅谷的企业不仅仅是在提供佛教课程。企业家和工程师解构千年的传统,并将其融入了硅谷以目标为上、以数据为驱动、以无神论为主的文化。在硅谷,冥想不是为了看清瞬间,而是一个     

基于美国硅谷的创新型中小企业研究

概述美国硅谷创新型中小企业的发展过程,总结硅谷创新型中小企业特点,总结促进其飞速发展的措施及启示,从创业动机、管理特色、企业家文化、企业创新发展支持因素等方面进行总结,为创新型中小企业内外环境建设提供参考。     

基于企业家形象的浙商企业形象转变的探讨

随着浙商企业的快速发展,企业形象及企业家形象日益重要。企业形象的塑造为企业家形象的建立提供了生成环境,而企业家形象的提高又反过来促进企业形象的发展。许多企业把企业形象及企业家形象的塑造作为企业重要的经营战略和提升企业核心竞争力来实施。本文主要探讨浙商企业家的形象对企业形象的影响、浙商企业形象转变的方法和路径。     

建立我国企业家机制的几点思考

所谓企业家机制,是指企业家在成长和行为的过程中应该具备的客观条件、内在动力、外在压力和组织制度的统称.主要包括企业家的生成机制(即企业家在什么样的条件下才能大批涌现)、企业家的竞争机制(即在什么样的制度约束下才能使最优秀的人才成为企业家)、企业家的激励机制(即通过什么样的激励手段才能使企业家发挥其最大潜能)、企业家的约束机制     

基于生态位理论的房地产投资环境形成机制分析

现有的研究文献多是研究房地产投资环境的评价问题,对房地产投资环境的形成机制研究较少.本文应用生态位理论,建立房地产生态位概念,对房地产投资环境生态系统的形成机制进行了探讨,界定构成房地产投资环境生态系统的生态因子并进行了定性分析,以期为房地产投资环境研究提供新的思路.     

区域一体化科技服务业生态系统发展模式研究

科技服务业是服务业不断地融合、细分的产物,主要依托高新技术、知识为服务对象提供智力服务,发展科技服务业对促进我国科技进步具有战略意义。目前我国科技服务业蓬勃发展,但仍存在动力机制匮乏、缺少协同互动平台、环境发展不均衡以及没有形成区域一体化的协调发展等问题,为建立与产业集群相配合的区域一体化科技服务业生态系统,需要通过共享模式、动力模式、环境模式、区域集群模式进行构架设计。     

商业生态系统的治理机制研究

商业生态系统的治理,是指系统内的核心企业通过经济合约的联结与社会关系的嵌入所构成的以企业间制度为核心的参与者的关系安排,包括治理的环境、边界、目标、结构、模式、机制等多个方面。本文在阐述了商业生态系统的治理主体及治理特征的基础上,从进入退出机制、互惠共生机制、学习机制、激励机制和信任机制等方面对商业生态系统的治理机制进行了研究,以期为商业生态系统的管理提供理论基础。     

企业家筛选机制研究——基于微观视角

通过对委托代理理论进行修订,以及分析不完全信息条件下建立企业家筛选机制的必要性,并构建适合企业发展的企业家筛选测评体系,为企业选拔优秀的企业家提供理论参考依据,对促进企业的经营发展具有现实意义和指导作用。     

Building service businesses in Africa: Introducing the business builder model

The success of Silicon Valley has served as a driving force for entrepreneurs and investors worldwide. Many have attempted to create their own version in developing markets by setting up Silicon Valley‐style tech incubators. In recent years, Africa has seen an influx of these start‐up incubators, which has resulted in an emergence of major tech hubs in different parts of the continent. These areas have taken on names synonymous with the booming tech industry: Cape Town in South Africa is known as the Silicon Cape, Nairobi in Kenya as the Silicon Savannah, and Lagos, Nigeria as the Silicon Lagoon. Despite the influx and success of some of these incubators, there is also a multitude of examples where success and longevity are rare. The lifespan of these start‐ups are short and they seldom realize any profit. Limited access to capital markets, poor infrastructure, and weak regulatory environment are just a few reasons cited for this. Although there is a multitude of articles and publications that feature success cases and reasons behind propelling success, there are far fewer that focus on failures. As such, with this article we aim to shed light on the various reasons why these businesses fail by analyzing the literature and demonstrating them with real‐world examples of both successes and failures in the market. Using the information analyzed, we then propose a solution for successfully investing in tech startups in the developing world, the business builder model.     

Testing a model of signals in the IPO offer process

This study examines agency and market signals related to a sample of high-technology firms seeking an initial public offering (IPO). We test a model of the IPO offer process in high-technology firms. Results indicate that certain pre-market and primary market factors affect the offer price received by entrepreneurs and investors, while the secondary market factor did not. Our model may help entrepreneurs position their organization prior to and during the IPO process.     

Financing the entrepreneurial decision: an empirical approach using experimental data on risk attitudes

This paper empirically examines the role of personal capital in the entry decision for US high-technology entrepreneurs. Our innovative approach utilizes both survey data and data from economics-based field experiments, which enables us to elicit and control for the risk attitudes of individual entrepreneurs in the study. Empirical findings suggest that (1) Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grants, (2) credit cards, and (3) earnings from a salaried job are among the most important sources of funds for entrepreneurs in their decision to start up a firm. Our findings support Evans and Jovanovic (Journal of Political Economy 97(4):808–827, 1989) in that wealth appears to have a positive impact on the probability of starting up a firm, even when controlling for risk attitudes; however, risk attitudes do not appear to have a strong role to play in the entry decision overall. Policy implications suggest that firm start-ups are dependent on access to capital in both initial and early stages of development, and that government funding, including SBIR grants, is an important source of capital for potential and nascent high-technology entrepreneurs.     

硅谷创新集群的演进机理及其信息体制选择

硅谷作为高技术创新集群的成功,深刻地影响了各国的多技术产业的发展政策。为此,基于创新的演化,分析高技术企业集群硅谷的阶段性演进及其特征,依据硅谷在不同历史阶段技术创新的组织形式和信息体制演化,总结高技术企业集群创新发展演进的一般机理,以此降低治理成本和提高创新效率。     

Does money matter?: Wealth attainment as the motive for initiating growth-oriented technology ventures

The desire to attain personal wealth has long been regarded as the foremost motive for entrepreneurship. Other goals and values, however, may also contribute to entrepreneurial motivation. Thus, the extent to which money matters relative to other motives is an empirical question. In this study we examine the role of wealth as the motive for the decision to found new ventures. Three focal questions guide our research: 1) does money matter more relative to other decision dimensions in deciding to start a new high-technology venture? 2) does money matter more to entrepreneurs compared to non-entrepreneurs? and 3) does money matter in absolute terms, that is, does a decision model that focuses solely on the motive of wealth attainment parsimoniously predict entrepreneurs' start-up decisions?We conducted in-depth interviews with 51 entrepreneurs and a control group of 28 senior managers who decided not to start ventures (non-entrepreneurs) in the high-technology industry in British Columbia to address our research questions. The motives we examined are wealth attainment and an aggregate of other dimensions identified by entrepreneurs and managers. We considered three components of values: participants' ratings of the importance of various decision dimensions, their rating of the salience of these dimensions, and their satisfaction with prior levels of attainment on those decision dimensions. We assessed beliefs as participants' perceived probability of attaining their desired level of a particular decision dimension in each of three alternatives: the position held at the time the venture decision was made, the venture itself, and the next best career alternative at that time. The data were analyzed to compare entrepreneurs' values and beliefs regarding wealth with an aggregate of other decision dimensions (our relative hypotheses), and with those of non-entrepreneurs (our comparative hypotheses).Our findings do not support the common perception that money is the only, or even the most important, motive for entrepreneurs' decisions to start new ventures. Wealth attainment was significantly less important to entrepreneurs relative to an aggregate of 10 other decision dimensions, and entrepreneurs did not rate wealth as any more important than did non-entrepreneurs. Non-entrepreneurs rated wealth as no more important than other motives. Wealth attainment was also significantly less salient to entrepreneurs' decisions to venture than were other motives. Non-entrepreneurs reported that wealth was significantly more salient to their decision against founding a venture than other dimensions. In fact, non-entrepreneurs rated wealth attainment as significantly more salient to their decision against founding than entrepreneurs rated it for their decision to proceed with starting a high-technology business. A significant number of entrepreneurs started businesses even when they believed that doing so offered them a lower probability of obtaining their most desired level of wealth than did one of their other alternatives.Satisfaction ratings and stated beliefs also dispute classical predictions. Just prior to making the decision to venture, the entrepreneurs in our study were as satisfied with wealth as they were with other decision dimensions. The non-entrepreneurs were actually more satisfied with wealth attainment than with other dimensions. A comparison of the groups revealed no difference in satisfaction with wealth attainment levels. Entrepreneurs did believe that their chances of attaining their desired level of wealth were much greater through founding a new high-technology venture than through their other alternatives. This difference in beliefs, however, was not significantly greater than their optimistic beliefs about chances of attaining desired levels of other dimensions. It was significantly higher compared to the non-entrepreneurs' belief difference measures for wealth. In fact, the entrepreneurs' stated beliefs regarding the chances of attaining their desired levels of all dimensions were higher than those of the non-entrepreneurs, suggesting that entrepreneurs were simply more optimistic at the time of their decision than non-entrepreneurs.Salience findings suggest that these optimistic beliefs about wealth did not motivate the founding decision alone.We can distinguish those people who successfully started ventures by their regard for wealth as a less salient factor, and their beliefs in higher chances of a venture producing monetary and other returns. Other motives, such as innovation, vision, independence, and challenge were more important and much more salient to this sample of entrepreneurs.Our findings have implications for practice, teaching, and research. Venture capitalists who partially base their assessment of entrepreneurs on the extent to which they are motivated to make a great deal of money may benefit from reconsideration of this criterion. We have evidence of one group of high-technology entrepreneurs who achieved success without placing much decision weight on attainment of personal wealth. Nascent entrepreneurs and those who teach entrepreneurship can use this empirical finding to argue two main points: 1) not all entrepreneurs found a business for personal wealth reasons, and 2) one need not be motivated by personal wealth attainment to be a successful entrepreneur. Similarly, theoretical models that assume money is the primary motive for entrepreneurial activity require re-examination. Future research in entrepreneurship should focus less on wealth attainment and more on other motives for the venturing decision. A multiple-attribute decision model may be able to more fully explain venturing decisions.     

Knowledge and internationalization of returnee entrepreneurial firms

This study aims to answer whether and how returnee entrepreneurs’ international experience and returnee entrepreneurial firms’ international market knowledge influence these firms’ internationalization. Anchored in a framework combining an entrepreneurial and knowledge-based view, we develop a model and four hypotheses on the relations between returnee entrepreneurs’ international experience, international market knowledge, international market commitment, and level of internationalization of the returnee entrepreneurial firm. Empirical evidence of the proposed model is derived from a recent sample of Chinese returnee SMEs in knowledge-intensive and high-technology industries. The main finding is that returnee entrepreneurs’ international experience nurtures international market knowledge of returnee entrepreneurial firms, which in turn has a positive effect on these firms’ international market commitment and level of internationalization. In terms of theory, the study extends our understanding of returnee entrepreneurial firms by uncovering the role of returnee entrepreneurs’ international experience and returnee firms’ international market knowledge during their initial and early international expansion.     

High-Tech Corporatism: Management-Employee Relations in U.S. Electronics Firms, 1920s-1960s

In this article I examine corporative management practices inelectronics firms in Boston and in Silicon Valley from the 1920sto the 1960s. Managers in several key firms developed thesepractices in response to political and professional ideologiesand as a way to address the problems of hiring, using, and retaininga highly skilled work force. They did this independently ofthe welfare capitalism plans of corporations such as EastmanKodak and before the guru theorists and work empowerment programsof the 1960s. The corporatist methods first developed in Bostonand further refined in Silicon Valley later diffused to mostU.S. firms in the software, computer, Internet, and biotechnologyindustries.     

广东高新区与美国硅谷的比较研究

美国硅谷在产生发展背景、智力资源与创新效率、投融资体制、管理模式、服务体系、创新文化环境等方面都存在着许多竞争优势与经验.硅谷的成功主要在于密集的大学与高技术人才、健全的风险投资与服务体系、强大的中小企业衍生能力、良好的创新文化环境等.广东高新区的差距在于,创新资源短缺、风险投资机制不健全、管理模式不完善、孵化功能与社会科技服务体系不发达、创新文化氛围不浓等,广东高新区应采取对策,发挥优势,突出特色.     

Nano-economics,spinoffs, and the wealth of regions

The historical evolution of four prominent industry clusters is compared: automobiles in Detroit, Michigan, tires in Akron, Ohio, semiconductors in Silicon Valley, California, and cotton garments in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Detailed data are collected concerning the intellectual and geographic origins of entrants into the clusters and other regions to probe the mechanisms underlying geographic clustering. The main mechanism at work in the four clusters involves employees leaving established firms to found their own firms or shape new entrants in their industry. Questions and policy implications related to the spinoff mechanism and the mobility of employees are discussed.     

Why Create Value for Others? An Exploration of Social Entrepreneurial Motives

Social entrepreneurs create value for and with target communities in need. This paper responds to calls for research addressing social entrepreneurs’ drive to benefit others. We draw from psychology to augment the understanding of motives in entrepreneurship before conducting a phenomenon‐driven, instrumental case study of social entrepreneurs’ motives. We find some emotions, such as entrepreneurial passion and frustration, lead to self‐oriented motives, while sympathy and empathy are precursors for other‐oriented motivations, such as altruism and social justice. This work provides a theoretical platform for future studies in entrepreneurial motivation that addresses the importance of nonfinancial motives and associated rewards for fostering engagement in the sector.