公司治理与权益资本成本文献综述

国内外学者有关公司治理和权益资本成本关系的研究,多数集中于信息披露对权益资本成本的研究,本文将这些研究成果按主题归为六类,选取最具代表性且对公司治理与权益资本成本关系研究有重大影响的文献加以介绍并归纳.     

年报风险披露与权益资本成本

本文从权益资本成本视角探究了中国上市公司年报风险披露的价值相关性及信息性质。基于2007-2014年A股上市公司的研究发现:(1)年报风险披露长度及其变化值越大,公司权益资本成本及其变化值越小,说明披露的风险越多,市场给予的信任越多,因而要求的风险溢价越小,从而支持了风险披露的同质观;(2)风险披露与权益资本成本的负相关关系主要体现在信息环境差、显性风险较小的公司;(3)投资者对增加披露风险信息具有正向市场反应,且投资者异质信念降低,表明风险信息异质性较弱,而信息不对称是风险披露影响权益资本成本的不完全中介;(4)风险披露变化值越大,公司股权再融资的可能性越大、折价率越低,债券利差越小。本文首次检验了我国年报风险披露对权益资本成本的影响,得到与国外文献不一致的结论,丰富了信息披露与资本成本关系相关的文献。     

投资者关系管理、信息披露和资本成本文献述评

在资本市场上良好的投资者关系成为公司宝贵的战略资源和无形资产。投资者关系管理的核心是高质量的信息披露,而高质量的信息披露则通过减少公司与投资者之间的信息不对称降低公司的资本成本,因而研究三者之间的关系对于IRMS研究有很重要的意义。     

董事高管责任保险与权益资本成本——来自信息质量渠道的实证研究证据

本文从信息质量的角度出发,研究了董事高管责任保险对公司权益资本成本的影响及作用机制。实证研究发现,公司购买董责险的行为与权益资本成本显著正相关。进一步分析其作用机理后发现,购买董责险的公司,财务信息质量更低、资本市场信息不对称程度更高、投资者分歧更大。结论表明,在法律体系与诉讼制度尚未完善的资本市场中,董责险并没有激发更多的股东诉讼,反而使股东诉讼对管理层的监督惩罚效应下降,降低了公司的信息质量,提高了公司的融资成本。     

论机构投资者持股对权益资本成本的影响

本文对机构投资者持股与权益资本成本之间关系的相关文献进行梳理,发现不同的学者研究发现机构投资者在公司治理中可能存在积极主义或者消极主义行为,对权益资本成本的影响也不尽相同。基于对文献的梳理,提出对未来相关研究的展望。     

企业社会责任信息披露与权益资本成本

运用理论分析和实证检验的方法从权益资本成本的角度研究我国上市公司企业社会责任信息披露的经济动机.研究发现:上市公司上期权益资本成本越高,本期披露社会责任报告的可能性越大,说明降低权益资本成本是上市公司决定是否披露社会责任报告的重要经济动机;对于首次披露企业社会责任报告的公司,上期权益资本成本越高,本期社会责任信息披露质量越高;但对非首次披露企业社会责任报告的公司来说,披露企业社会责任报告的资本成本动机不显著.     

信息披露、收益不透明度与权益资本成本

本文以1993年至2001年间我国证券市场进行股权再融资的上市公司为样本,深入考察我国证券市场上市公司信息披露质量与公司权益资本成本的关系。结果表明,在控制其他一些影响因素之后,上市公司信息披露质量与公司权益资本成本呈显著的负相关关系;对上市公司而言,提高信息披露的质量有助于降低公司的权益资本成本。同时,本文还发现,上市公司权益资本成本不仅受到前一年信息披露质量的影响,还受到前四年信息披露质量的影响。所以,上市公司管理者为了降低公司再融资的权益资本成本,应该持之以恒地致力于保持较高的信息披露质量。     

股价崩盘风险与权益资本成本——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

本文以沪深两市2008-2012年A股上市公司为研究样本,基于我国特殊制度背景和上市公司实际,实证检验股价崩盘风险对权益资本成本的影响。研究结果表明,股价崩盘风险越大,权益资本成本越大,且这种关系在民营上市公司中更显著。进一步考虑信息披露因素,发现高质量的信息披露并不会显著减弱股价崩盘风险对权益资本成本的负面影响,而机构投资者在一定程度上发挥着资本市场上信息传递的作用,改善信息披露环境,增加信息披露,作为信息披露质量外的一种有效的替代机制,其行为显著降低了股价崩盘风险对权益资本成本的作用。     

中小投资者权益保护现状与研究

本文通过分析我国投资者利益受侵占的现状,追溯其根源,提出了保护投资者利益的有效措施,最后指出,要实现对我国投资者利益的有效保护,须从法律制度、公司治理机制、外部监管等宏观层面和投资者自身的微观层面着手实施。     

跨地上市公司具有较低的权益资本成本吗?——基于“法与金融”的视角

根据法与金融理论,严格的投资者保护制度有助于降低公司的权益资本成本,本文以赴中国香港跨地上市后返回中国大陆发行A股的公司为研究对象,检验其是否因受制于更为严格的投资者保护制度而具有较低的权益资本成本。研究结果表明,在A股市场上,赴港跨地上市公司比其他公司的权益资本成本更低,跨地上市对权益资本成本具有降低作用,且这种降低作用与香港较为严格的投资者保护制度有关。     

代理问题、投资者保护与公司价值——来自我国上市公司的经验证据

本文以2002～2004年2238家上市公司为样本，按照最终控制人性质，将样本公司分为国有和民营金字塔控制两种主要类别，研究了代理问题在哪些公司较为严重，法律对于投资者保护是否能起到有效的治理作用。研究结果表明，国有和民营上市公司价值并无显著差异；随着政府层级的提升，国有控制公司价值提高；民营金字塔控制公司最终控制人所有权与控制权的分离对公司价值有负向作用；法治水平高的地区，其所属公司价值较高；海外上市提高了民营公司价值，但对国有公司的作用不显著；证券监管机构发挥的作用尚存不足。     

Quality of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure and Cost of Equity Capital: Lessons from China

This article explores the relationship between the quality of corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure and the cost of equity capital by analyzing the financial data and CSR reports of A-share listed firms in China from 2008 to 2014. The quality of the CSR disclosure is shown to be negatively related to the cost of equity capital of the listed firms. This negative correlation proves to be more prominent among firms of environmentally sensitive industries. Taking the ownership of the listed firms into consideration, it is further confirmed that the negative relationship between the CSR disclosure and the cost of equity capital is of higher significance for state-owned enterprises. Our findings also empirically demonstrate that the quality of CSR disclosure is more negatively related to the cost of equity capital among the large listed firms than the smaller ones.     

Taxation, Uncertainty, and the Cost of Equity

Traditionally the pre-tax cost of capital is a function of the interest rate and the tax system. However, uncertainty implies that the market's required return is no single interest rate, but depends on risk. Different tax systems split risk differently between firm and government. Thus the required expected return after corporate taxes depends on the tax system. Expressions for this are derived, based on a CAPM-type model. The weighted average cost of capital is decreasing in the tax rate, even for fully equity financed projects. This effect can be substantial, but is neglected in much of the literature.     

Disclosure and the Cost of Capital: Evidence from the Market's Reaction to Firm Voluntary Adoption of IAS

Abstract:  Using a unique international setting where the effects of disclosure on firm value can be measured in a constant regulatory environment and in isolation of other confounding factors, this paper shows that firms can increase their value through their choice of accounting standards. Specifically, we document strong positive abnormal returns at the announcement of voluntary adoption of International Accounting Standards (IAS / IFRS) by a sample of international firms and an economically significant reduction in long-run returns, consistent with a reduction in the cost of capital. Consistent with these results we also document evidence of an upgrade in analyst recommendations after the IAS / IFRS adoption announcement and a reduction in the implied cost of capital. Finally, we find strong evidence that the documented abnormal returns are consistent with signaling and bonding benefits stemming from the reduction in asymmetric information. Our results highlight the importance of increased disclosure on minority shareholder protection and on corporate governance in general.     

Disclosure Interactions and the Cost of Equity Capital: Evidence From the Spanish Continuous Market

Abstract:  The purpose of this paper is to provide some new evidence on the relationship between disclosure and the cost of equity capital. We propose a new specification for the empirical test based on the idea that in the previous models one crucial variable was missing: accounting policy choice. We test our theoretical hypothesis using a sample of Spanish firms quoted on the Spanish continuous market from 1999 to 2002. We adopt the ex-ante approach to measure the cost of equity capital, taking analysts predictions as a proxy for expected earnings. As an explanatory variable we use an index measuring annual report disclosure quality. This measure of disclosure is combined with a proxy for the accounting policy choice of the firm. We measure firms' conservatism using the modified Jones model of Dechow et al. (1995) to estimate discretionary accruals. Our results confirm that the relationship between disclosure and cost of capital is affected by the choice of accounting policy.     

资本结构、产权结构与公司治理

资本结构也就是财产所有权的结构安排,而财产所有权往往最终与收益权对应,所以资本结构又牵系着产权安排,或者说资本结构决定了产权安排结构。这样作为股权资本与债券资本比例关系的资本结构,反映的是市场经济条件下企业的金融关系,即以资本和信用为纽带,通过投资与借贷构成的股东、债权人和经营者之间相互制约的利益关系。     

海外投资者保护基金制度及借鉴

保护投资者尤其是保护中小投资者,是证券市场监管的核心内容,也是证券市场健康运行的基础.国际上,证券投资者保护机制已经有30多年的运行经验,很多方面值得我们借鉴.本文从法律框架、组织模式、资金来源、赔偿机制、运作情况等方面,对国际上主要国家和地区的证券投资者保护基金制度进行了比较,并结合我国证券市场特征,对我国证券投资者保护制度的建立和完善提出若干建议.     

投资人保护的法律环境研究

国际证监会组织（IOSCO）将“保护投资者”列为对资本市场三大监管目标之一。国外实证研究也显示，投资人保护力度会影响一国的资本市场估值水平及抗冲击能力。投资人保护分为两个层次：第一个层次是对违法、违规行为的监管，第二个层次是建立在合法分规基础上的股东价值最大化问题。本文将研究重，点放在投资人保护的第一个层面上，试图探寻一条适合中国投资人保护的法律制度建设之路。     

Ownership, Investor Protection and Earnings Expectations

Abstract:  This study examines the interactive influence of corporate ownership, corporate governance and investor protection on the incorporation of current value shocks in the accounting earnings of European companies. This influence is investigated not only by means of the association between current news and current earnings but also with respect to the association of the same news with expected future earnings, and its persistence. Consistent with the contractual explanation of accounting conservatism, it is shown that the accounting behaviour examined is a function of the demand created by shareholders, and that the institutional arrangements in force are of lesser significance in the presence of widely held ownership. On the other hand, greater separation between supervision and management and stronger investor protection are seen to be influential under close ownership, as these are shown to curb aggressive accounting in the form of a persistently lower recognition of bad news in earnings. Evidence is also provided that stricter corporate governance practices in Europe can substitute for weaknesses in investor protection provisions in law.