对“精神劳动和服务劳动都能创造价值”立论依据的商榷

在最近几年国内出版的有关劳动价值论的著作中,有一种观点认为“精神劳动服务劳动都能创造价值”,其主要有五个依据:(1)“精神劳动服务劳动”具有创造价值的劳动的     

论劳动价值论的创新——从解决阶级之间的利益冲突问题到解决劳动者之间的利益差别问题

劳动价值论的基本含义是商品的价值是由劳动创造的,也可以概括为“劳动创造价值”。劳动价值论是为了解决社会问题而产生的,随着社会的发展和新问题的提出劳动价值论就必然会发展创新。资本主义社会的主要矛盾是阶级之间的利益冲突问题,社会主义社会的主要矛盾则是劳动者之间的利益差别问题。从劳动创造价值的命题出发解决了阶级之间的利益冲突问题,但却解决不了劳动者之间的利益差别问题。面对新的社会问题必须把劳动价值论和社会主义市场经济现实相结合,进行理论创新,说明“劳动具有价值”,只有这样才能解决劳动者之间的利益差别问题。     

劳动价值论的基本范畴和发展思路——劳动价值论从狭义到广义的发展

劳动价值论面临着严峻挑战 ,只有发展才有出路。在各种发展思路中 ,彻底反思劳动和价值这些基本范畴的内涵和外延 ,把创造价值的劳动从物质生产劳动扩展到非物质生产劳动 ,从第一、二产业劳动扩展到第三产业劳动乃至全部人类劳动 ,把狭义的商品劳动价值论发展为广义的产品劳动价值论 ,是一条重要的发展思路。沿着这条思路发展 ,可以使劳动价值论具有强大生命力和广泛解释力 ,展现广阔的理论视野和发展前景。     

质疑“泛价值论”——与刘有源等学友商榷

价值,是人类一般劳动的社会凝结。劳动,并且只有人的活劳动才是价值的唯一源泉。机器、土地等一切以物的形式存在的资本,都只能是价值形成的物质条件,而决不是价值的源泉。这些,本来就是马克思早已进行过充分论证、并且反复说明的科学真理。刘有源、田辉玉、郭晓玲三位学友的《机器、土地为什么创造价值暨泛价值论》一文对此提出了异议。与此同时,作者还提出了要用所谓的“泛价值论”,即由劳动价值论、要素价值论、供求价值论和效用价值论在内的各种价值论的有机整合来代替马克思的劳动价值论。文中,作者尤以“机器、土地为什么创造价值”为重点作了详细论述,这些问题都值得商榷。     

再论深化劳动价值认识的根本关卡

企业的物化劳动（生产资料）来自其他企业的活劳动，而且是本期的活劳动，这说明社会活劳动是价值形成的唯一源泉。讲企业物活劳动共同创造价值，是完完全全的劳动价值论的一元论。既然是劳动价值论的一元论，一切商品和劳务都是人们的劳动成果。所以按资分配虽重要，但资本决不能制造产品，创造价值，所以“分取”的数量有一个界限，超过四化建设不称为剥削。     

服务劳动也是生产劳动

文章从生产劳动实践引发理论演变的方法论重新定义生产劳动；生产劳动和劳动价值论从物质生产领域拓展到服务经济领域，是劳动价值论的深化；服务劳动是生产性劳动，是社会财富和价值的源泉，这是服务价值论的新概念；服务的价值创造过程有其特殊性；劳动价值论从物质领域拓展到服务领域是经济学的一场革命。     

服务劳动创造价值辨析

服务劳动是否创造价值是当代马克思劳动价值论需要研究的新课题。马克思分别从生产劳动一般、商品生产、剩余价值生产和创造等角度对生产劳动展开了分析和阐述。该文认为,那种以是否直接从事物质产品的生产、是否为资本带来利润作为标准来判定服务劳动是否创造价值的论断是片面的,只有从价值创造的角度出发,用是否提供符合社会需要的使用价值并通过交换实现其价值作为标准,才能判断服务劳动是否是创造价值的"生产性"劳动。     

劳动价值论与生产要素参与价值分配问题研究

马克思劳动价值论中只承认直接从事物质生产的活劳动才创造价值,而作为社会劳动凝结物的劳动手段和劳动对象是物化劳动,只能转移价值,同时也承认非劳动生产要素在价值创造中的作用.笔者梳理了理论界对传统劳动价值一元论的新认识,认为马克思劳动价值论与生产要素参与价值分配并不矛盾.     

“新经济”价值论初探

“新经济”本质上仍然是人类创造物质财富的一种经济活动 ,它仍然包括物质资料的生产、分配、交换、消费全部的生产过程 ,只不过它是代表社会经济发展到一个新阶段的具有根本变化特征的新的物质生产过程 ,它是原有物质生产过程从量变到质变的一次新飞跃。经济学家们要从现代经济活动的本源即价值创造和价值生产的过程来考察新经济。对新经济价值创造和价值生产的考察应当从人类的劳动创造这个最基本点出发。     

试论知识经济条件下深化对劳动价值论的认识

当代知识经济对劳动价值论的挑战主要集中表现在以现代科学技术为代表的知识是否创造价值。本认为，知识本身并不创造价值，知识劳动运用于生产过程，作为高智力劳动和科技创新劳动创造价值。在知识经济条件下，生产劳动的概念已进一步由直接生产领域扩展到间接生产领域，创造价值的劳动不再仅仅局限于直接的物质生产领域和物质产品的生产现场，劳动创造价值的方式也进一步社会化和复杂化，大量的知识性劳动、科技创新劳动发生与物质生产间接有关的社会化过程中。在以知识劳动为基础的企业中，把人的创造潜力充分调动出来是企业管理的重点。承认知识劳动创造价值，就必须对给具有高知识含量和创造能力的人力资本合理定价。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Perspective on the Economic Evolution of the European Union States Under the Impact of the Pandemic and Financial-Economic Crisis

The European Union,which is at the beginning of its term of office for all Member States in the European Parliament,the European Commission,its governing body a...     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Toward a Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Organizational Life

Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.