加入基尼系数的IS-LM模型分析——收入分配因素影响宏观经济的模型分析

基尼系数的变动通过边际消费倾向、货币的交易需求和货币的投机需求三个渠道影响宏观经济。基尼系数的增大将削弱货币政策的效应,增强财政政策的效应,同时使产出发生变化。在我国,结论表明基尼系数增大的效应主要表现在降低边际消费倾向、影响产出的增加和财政货币政策的效果。使用脉冲反应函数来检验我国的基尼系数和相关变量之间的关系,验证了模型的部分假设前提和结论。     

关于我国积极财政政策启动内需的瓶颈因素及对策分析

从1998年实施的积极财政政策尽管对遏制我国经济紧缩起到了巨大的作用。但是由于我国体制转轨所形成的内生性紧缩效应以及由于我国积极财政政策本身的缺陷，如波及效应、联动效应、内耗效应使我国积极财政政策绩效并未达到最优，需要通过相关的制度创新和完善财政政策操作手段来提高积极财政政策的绩效，有效提升我国内需，带动经济发展。     

中国财政政策冲击的识别与效应——符号约束方法下的SVAR分析

文章基于国内对财政政策冲击效应识别不充分的事实,在其所建构的结构向量自回归模型系统中,对国内外财政政策冲击的识别逐一进行了讨论,然后采用符号约束的识别方法,利用中国1997年第1季度至2012年第4季度的统计数据对中国财政政策的冲击效应进行了系统的实证分析.研究发现:在对中国经济周期冲击和货币政策冲击的反应中,名义货币供给和利率等名义变量与产出、消费等真实经济变量的关联度较弱;而财政政策冲击对名义变量的效应都不显著;政府支出对实际产出的冲击在短期内不显著,但在长期内存在负效应,原因是扩张政府支出会引起增加政府收入的适应性超调,进一步产生紧缩效应;在短期内政府支出对实际投资具有“挤出效应”;政府支出与信贷余额同方向变化,这表明中国政府支出主要依赖信贷融资的事实与困境.     

我国利率政策规则的传导渠道

随着利率市场化改革的进一步实施,利率规则在经济发展中的作用和地位日益凸显.本文当前经济形势,通过建立SVAR模型从实际数据中验证货币政策传导机制对经济产出的影响,研究得出在"新常态"经济背景下,利率规则的货币需求渠道、财政渠道和信贷渠道的确存在.     

我国积极财政政策的"财政幻觉"分解与计量检验

在财政支出中,由于公众无法正确识别公共物品价格,可能存在一定程度的"预期幻觉"和"赤字幻觉".这些"财政幻觉"导致公众低估公共物品价格,从而形成公共物品一定程度上的供给短缺,体现在政府投资需求快速增长,最终影响社会资源的配置效率.实证检验发现,我国经济当中同时存在"预期幻觉"和"赤字幻觉",为此需要适当降低公共物品支出,注重财政支出的产出效果,以增强积极财政政策的乘数效应.     

我国财政货币政策对区域消费的影响研究

我国区域差异日益严重,其消费规模和消费结构也表现出显著差异。消费需求是经济增长的助推器,而货币财政政策是协调区域经济发展的重要的宏观经济政策。所以本文结合了目前东中西部地带消费支出的不协调现状,通过两地区简约化模型建立一个包含政府投资、银行贷款、产出和东中西三地区消费支出等变量在内的动态自回归分布滞后计量模型。结果表明我国的货币财政政策对消费支出确实存在区域不对称性效应,特别是与货币政策相比,财政政策对消费支出的作用更大。     

货币政策失灵了吗--1998～2003年货币-产出的因果关系检验

1998年以来,为使我国国民经济能够保持持续较快的增长,与积极的财政政策相配合,央行实施了稳健的货币政策。但在市场需求不足的条件下,其效果却不尽如人意。通过对1998年以来各层次的货币供应量与产出的因果关系的实证检验,从货币供给对实际产出的影响来探讨我国货币政策的有效性,在此基础上得出一些对货币政策的启示。     

我国财政政策作用机制与经济周期波动的相关性研究

我国积极财政政策在总需求管理过程中起到了重要作用.通过判断我国财政政策工具和财政政策规模与经济周期波动之间的关联,描述结构VAR模型中财政政策的作用和反馈过程,我们发现我国积极财政政策操作过程中体现出了一定程度的相机选择性和对经济周期阶段的依赖性,这意味着在我国经济增长已经出现"软扩张"的经济周期态势下,应当适当调整财政政策的期限结构和政策工具,加强货币政策的组合作用,继续保持积极财政政策对国内产出的作用方向.     

我国财政政策是否起到“自动稳定器”作用——基于区制转移DSGE模型实证分析

本文构建财政政策和货币政策区制转移特征的DSGE模型,考察我国财政货币政策在不同时期联合动态效应,回答我国财政政策在不同时期是否起到"自动稳定器"作用,并对我国在不同区制下静态和动态财政政策乘数进行测算,同时对我国2008—2010年的四万亿财政政策效果进行了评价。研究发现:(1)区制转移模型下财政政策和货币政策反应系数结果说明我国在经济高涨期和经济衰退期采用货币政策调控主要目标是产出,对通货膨胀容忍较高,我国财政政策对政府发行债券收入反应非常不敏感,税收与政府支出及产出间关系密切;(2)模型脉冲响应结果说明在不同体制下我国政府支出影响均衡的传导是相同的,我国财政政策实施能够使主要经济变量受到冲击后回到均衡状态;(3)对我国财政政策乘数测算结果小于以往学者测算结果,我国四万亿财政政策实施效果模拟显示政策拉动了产出,四万亿投资较好地熨平了金融危机对我国经济产生的意外冲击,对经济产生了积极的正向影响,负面效应则是同时挤出了私人消费,通货膨胀加剧。     

产出缺口、货币缺口与通胀预期管理

我国本轮通胀预期在本质上是超额货币供给引致实际货币购买力下降的结果,这表明近年中国持续高货币增长并非简单用"货币透失"所能解释.为检验我国通胀产生动因.本文通过引入产出缺口、货币缺口进行建模,发现产出缺口对通胀有短期正向冲击.而货币缺口是导致我国通货膨胀主要且持续的根源.同时,近年来备受关注的房地产市场对我国通胀效应具有助推效果,实证结果表明房价的攀升对通货膨胀和货币缺口有着直接而显著的影响,因此控制房价也应成为管理部门调控通胀的重要手段.     

How important is the credit channel in the transmission of monetary policy in Mexico?

This article empirically examines the importance of the credit channel of monetary policy in Mexico for the period 2004–2013. We estimate a vector autoregressive (VAR) model to analyse the effects of a monetary policy shock on real output, and we also use a threshold VAR model to investigate asymmetric effects of contractionary and expansionary policies. The empirical results suggest that a contractionary monetary policy results in a fall in the supply of loans together with an increase in the spread between the lending and deposit rate. To the extent that some borrowers are dependent on bank loans for credit, the reduced supply of loans amplifies the effects of monetary policy on output associated with the traditional interest rate channel. Our results also suggest that the importance of the credit channel is larger for contractionary shocks than for expansionary shocks.     

FISCAL POLICY AND ASSET PRICES

We analyse the impact of fiscal policy on asset prices using a panel vector auto‐regressive (PVAR) approach and quarterly data for ten industrialized countries. We find that positive fiscal shocks lead to a temporary fall in stock prices and a gradual and persistent decrease in housing prices. The empirical findings also point to: (i) a contractionary effect of fiscal policy on output in line with the existence of crowding‐out effects and the deterioration of credit conditions; (ii) a weakening of the effectiveness of fiscal policy in recent times; (iii) a more persistent response of asset prices for countries with a lower degree of openness; (iv) a larger impact of fiscal policy on asset prices for small countries; (v) a close link between the responsiveness of asset prices to fiscal policy and the government’s size; (vi) an increase of the sensitivity of asset prices to fiscal policy shocks following the process of financial deregulation and mortgage liberalization; and (vii) significant fiscal multiplier effects in the context of severe housing busts. Finally, the evidence suggests that changes in equity prices may help governments towards consolidation of public finances.     

中国流动性过剩原因辨析

存贷差和外汇占款以及M2与M1差额的不断拉大等都不是流动性过剩的直接成因,而是由于货币政策没有及时对经济发展出现的变化作出反应造成的。解决流动性过剩问题有三条思路:一是要加大货币政策的紧缩力度以收紧流动性,从而预防可能发生的通货膨胀;二是使用扩张性的财政政策,在货币政策紧缩的同时,通过财政政策的扩张保证经济的稳定发展;三是加快利率市场化进程,为汇率自由浮动提供前提和基础。     

Current and anticipated deficits,interest rates and economic activity

There is a widespread feeling that current deficits, in Europe and the U.S., may hurt rather than help the recovery. This paper examines some of the issues involved, through a sequence of three models. The first model focuses on sustainability and characterizes its determinants. It suggests that the issue of sustainability may indeed be relevant in some countries. The second model focuses on the effects of fiscal policy on real interest rates, and in particular on the relative importance of the level of deficits and the level of debt in determining interest rates. The third model focuses on the effects of fiscal policy on the speed of the recovery. It shows how a sharply increasing fiscal expansion might be initially contractionary rather than expansionary.     

Financial cycles and fiscal multipliers

We show that fiscal multiplier estimations may be biased by movements in asset and credit markets, as they facilitate spurious correlations of changes in cyclically adjusted revenues and spending with output growth via an identification bias and an omitted variable bias, thus overstating episodes of expansionary consolidations and downplaying contractionary consolidations. When controlling for asset and credit market movements in otherwise standard approaches to identification, we find multipliers to increase on average by 0.3–1 units. Fiscal consolidations are thus more likely to be contractionary and more harmful to growth than expected by some strands of the existing literature.     

The inequality channel of monetary transmission

We examine optimal monetary policy in the presence of inequality by introducing unskilled agents with no access to the financial system into a DSGE model with sticky prices. Our main results are: (i) a contractionary interest rate shock increases inequality, while inflation and the output gap fall; (ii) the welfare-based objective of monetary policy includes inequality stabilization; (iii) as the proportion of unskilled agents increases, welfare decreases; and (iv) under scarcity of skilled agents, monetary policy is weakened, while fiscal policy produces a more relevant impact on the economy.     

Monetary shocks,exchange rates and trade balances: Evidence from inflation targeting countries

This paper investigates the relationship among monetary policy shocks, exchange rates and trade balances in five Inflation Targeting Countries (ITCs). The investigation is based on Structural Vector Error Correction Models (SVECMs) with long run and short run restrictions. The findings reveal that a contractionary monetary policy shock leads to a decrease in price level, a decrease in output, an appreciation in exchange rate, and an improvement in trade balance in the very short run. Our findings contradict the findings of price, output, exchange rate and trade puzzles that have been found in many empirical studies. Furthermore they are consistent with the theoretical expectations regarding the effect of a contractionary policy. The only long run restriction that we imposed on our models is that money does not affect real macroeconomic variables in the long run, which is consistent with both Keynesian and monetarist approaches.     

Asymmetric monetary policy and the effective lower bound

We use the canonical New Keynesian model to study optimal discretionary policy when the nominal interest rate is constrained by the effective lower bound (ELB). We show that policymakers who seek to minimize a (symmetric) quadratic loss function involving deviations of inflation and output from targets will achieve an average inflation rate below target due to the contractionary effects associated with hitting the ELB. We also characterize optimal discretionary policy for policymakers who view output losses as asymmetric: they place weight on the output gap when output is below potential but place little or no weight on the gap when output is above potential. In comparison to optimal policy using the symmetric loss function, the average inflation rate is higher and closer to the central banks target. Moreover, in response to contractionary demand shocks that push the nominal interest rate to the effective lower bound, policymakers with an asymmetric loss function adopt a policy rate path that remains at the ELB longer but eventually rises more quickly than the path adopted by a policymaker with a symmetric loss function.     

An explanation for the price puzzle: Asymmetric information and expectation dynamics

Using theoretical and empirical analyses, this paper shows that the expectation dynamics induced by information asymmetry between the Central Bank (CB) and the public can cause the price puzzle. The signalling and learning dynamics between the CB and a representative private-sector agent under asymmetric information is investigated. Inflation positively reacts to contractionary monetary policy because the change in the interest rate is perceived as a signal of the CB’s private information about higher future inflation and output by the public. The empirical section of the paper validates this theoretical argument using a VAR specification about the US economy. Besides providing an explanation for the price puzzle, the results of this paper has practical implications about transparency and monetary policy. The theoretical and empirical findings indicate that asymmetric information causes significant frictions in the transmission mechanism of monetary policy. These frictions induce short-run undesired effects like increase in expected inflation and actual inflation as a response to contractionary monetary policy which is identified as “the price puzzle”.