我国区域物流业发展非均衡及其外部效应估计——基于要素投入及其效率的分析

本文从要素投入规模及其效率视角分析我国区域物流业发展非均衡的动态演进过程、物流业发展非均衡形成的机理及其外部效应。研究发现:双要素投入规模在全国物流业的配置趋于不断优化的状态,但西部地区仍然存在资本投资规模不足的现象;劳动力投入规模非均衡成为我国区域物流业发展非均衡的主要成因,且提升资本投资效率成为主要竞争领域;劳动工资非均衡并非是导致东中部、东西部区域间物流业劳动力流动的主要成因,却能发挥对中西部劳动力跨区域流动的调节效应;东中部物流业已经跨域依靠劳动力投入规模扩张的粗放型发展阶段,进入劳动生产率提升-劳动力投入规模扩张-物流业综合发展水平提高的良性循环竞争之中;东中部和东西部区域间物流业由要素区域聚集所导致的劳动力投入规模非均衡是一种良性的区域分工,促进了总体经济增长,而在资本投资规模非均衡与物流业综合发展水平非均衡交互影响下,将持续抑制东中部、东西部总体经济增长。     

中国产业转移的区域福利差异及政策建议

随着中国经济的增长和产业结构的调整,东部沿海发达地区的土地、劳动力等要素成本上升,企业商务成本居高不下、资源环境约束矛盾日益突出,这些问题使得部分劳动密集型产业和加工贸易企业开始出现加快向中西部地区转移的趋势。在分析中西部与东部在居民福利、企业福利、政府福利方面均存在较大的差距的基础上,指出了利用产业转移这一契机缩小与东部地区的区域福利差距的政策建议。     

中国加工贸易增值率影响因素的实证分析

基于新贸易和新增长理论构建模型,采用2000—2009年省际面板数据,并运用动态面板系统GMM方法对中国加工贸易增值率的影响因素进行实证分析。结果发现,加工贸易规模对加工贸易增值率的影响为负,第三产业发展滞后已成为制约中国加工贸易增值率提升的重要影响因素。另外,东部和中西部地区处于不同发展阶段,要素禀赋的相对稀缺程度不同,劳动力成本、资本深化、外商直接投资、研发能力和人力资本等因素对东部和中西部地区加工贸易增值率的影响存在差异。     

产业转移对农村劳动力流动的影响研究

产业转移随着时间的推移和经济的发展在逐渐发生,会对经济结构产生重大的影响。农村劳动力人数庞大,构成了我国庞大劳动力资源的基础。农村劳动力往往随着产业转移而在地域上产生流动,产业转移对农村劳动力的流动产生深远的影响。我国东部地区产业发展趋于饱和,中西部地区承接条件日趋成熟,产业转移可以促进农村劳动力流动,使农村劳动力就近实现就业。国家应完善农村劳动力培训体系,建立健全法律法规体系,推动制度改革,同时完善农村劳动力保障体系,促进中国经济又好又快均衡发展。     

双流动要素空间聚集与宏观经济增长关系研究

本文将经济空间集聚的流动要素：资本和劳动力相结合,通过有交互的双要素方差分析,确定两要素的交互作用对地区经济影响不显著,进而对中国经济集聚度测定;比较在2000-2010年的中国经济空间集聚状况,并与中国国民收入、GDP、人均GDP的增长率拟合分析,寻找要素集聚与经济增长的关系。     

劳动力自由流动是阻碍传统产业区域转移的根本原因吗?——基于27个产业的实证分析

不少学者认为,劳动力自由流动是阻碍中国传统产业尤其是劳动密集型产业进行区域转移的根本原因。然而,该观点是否正确,尚缺乏必要的实证检验。通过对1993—2006年中国东中西部地区27个产业的劳动力成本进行分析后发现,劳动力自由流动并未使东部地区的劳动力成本优势得以维持:一方面,东部地区制造业的劳动力绝对成本持续快速上涨,且远远高于中西部地区;另一方面,东部地区大部分传统产业尤其是劳动密集型产业的劳动力相对成本优势已经丧失。这表明,劳动力自由流动并非是导致东部地区传统产业外移乏力的根本原因,多种因素共同作用造成了产业区域转移的规模不足。     

农村劳动力迁移与中国工资收入不平等的地区差异:来自2005年全国人口抽样调查的证据

利用2005年全国1%人口抽样调查数据研究中国各地区农村劳动力流动和地区(县/区)内部工资性收入不平等的关系。中国地区间的差异是个人工资收入不平等最突出的决定因素,而地区内不平等程度也存在着很大的差别。农村劳动力人口的迁入有助于降低区内的收入不平等,而迁出则起相反的作用,而且这两种作用在县、县级市和市辖区间存在着显著差别。在研究中国劳动力流动与地区内和地区间的不平等关系时,应该从迁入、迁出两个角度分析其影响,并将城乡分割的二元劳动力市场状况考虑进来。     

劳动力流动与中国经济增长

改革开放以来,中国经济实现了快速增长,对中国经济增长的原因分析也有着不同的解释。本文从劳动力流动的角度分析中国经济增长,采用劳动力与经济增长的理论分析和实证分析相结合的方法论证了劳动力流动与经济增长的关系。并分析了劳动力流动过程中形成的干中学、人力资本、人口红利如何促进经济增长。     

农村劳动力迁移与中国工资收入不平等的地区差异:来自2005年全国人口抽样调查的证据

利用2005年全国1%人口抽样调查数据研究中国各地区农村劳动力流动和地区(县/区)内部工资性收入不平等的关系.中国地区间的差异是个人工资收入不平等最突出的决定因素,而地区内不平等程度也存在着很大的差别.农村劳动力人口的迁入有助于降低区内的收入不平等,而迁出则起相反的作用,而且这两种作用在县、县级市和市辖区间存在着显著差别.在研究中国劳动力流动与地区内和地区间的不平等关系时,应该从迁入、迁出两个角度分析其影响,并将城乡分割的二元劳动力市场状况考虑进来.     

地区间税负差异与地区经济的非均衡发展

改革开放以来，我国地区呈现出非均衡发展的特征。地区间税负差异是地区经济差异扩大的一个重要原因。不管要素可否自由流动，税负差异均通过影响地区的要素变动。从而影响地区经济的发展水平。中国的地区税负差异导致了东部与中西部地区经济发展的非均衡性。     

HIRING STANDARDS AND LABOUR MARKET CLEARING

Consider a labour market with heterogeneous workers. When recruiting workers, firms set a hiring standard and make a wage offer. A more demanding hiring standard necessitates a better wage offer in order to attract enough qualified applicants. As a result, an efficiency wage effect is obtained. An equilibrium emerges which does not clear the labour market. The wage level depends on structural characteristics of labour supply, such as heterogeneity and mobility of the workers, but—in contrast to other efficiency‐wage models—not on the level of unemployment and is, thus, compatible with increasing unemployment as observed, e.g. in Germany.     

Mind the Gender Wage Gap – the Impact of Trade and Competition on Sectoral Wage Differences

This paper examines differences between women’s and men’s wages in 18 selected OECD countries in the period 1970 to 2005. The study is based on 12 manufacturing sector‐ and skill‐specific sets of panel data on the gender wage gap. We apply a system generalised method of moments (GMM) estimator to the extended version of the conditional gender wage gap convergence equation, controlling for sector concentration and industry‐specific measures of openness using a difference‐in‐difference approach: trade‐affected concentrated sectors versus trade‐affected competitive sectors. The results indicate that: (i) an increase in sector concentration is associated with wage gap growth; (ii) both import and export penetration are associated with a reduction of the high‐skill gender wage gap growth in concentrated industries; (iii) there is evidence of a widening impact of trade on the medium and low‐skill occupational gender wage gap growth in less competitive industries; (iv) institutional regulations of the labour market have an impact on the development of the gender wage gap: for highly‐skilled labour an increase in labour market regulation raises the growth of the gender wage gap, while for medium‐ and low‐skilled workers, it lowers it.     

Evidence of the Existence of an Internal Labour Market in the Great Eastern Railway Company, 1875–1905

Evidence from promotion ladders and the wage payment system of the GER is evaluated to see if it supports existing claims, primarily based on welfare and pension provision, that by 1900 the railway companies had become the first important adherents in the country to a system of internal labour markets. It is suggested that promotion was internalised and that it was based on merit and seniority, that some form of seniority wage payments system did evolve, and that wage increases were sharpest in the first ten years of employment and were associated with spatial mobility     

Angebotsökonomie: wenig Innovation — viele Jobs!

Deregulation of labour markets through structural reforms as proposed by supply side economists has a negative impact on innovation and brings down the growth rates of labour productivity. This paper discusses why the Schumpeter II innovation model is functioning poorly with higher labour turnover. Deregulation of labour markets also changes power relations between capital and labour, which leads to lower wage growth. Panel data analyses show that a one per cent lower wage increase leads to 0.32-0.49% lower growth of value added per labour hour.     

Contracts,the Spot Market Wage and Unemployment Benefits

This paper presents a model of the labour market with a contract and a spot market sector. Contracts are binding and enforceable, but unemployed contract workers are free to work in the spot market. The contracting wage is shown to be constant across states. A non‐trivial result shows that the spot market wage is increasing with product price. An increase in product price has an ambiguous effect on contract employment. An increase in unemployment benefits increases the contracting sector wage whilst stabilizing the spot market wage, and may have ambiguous effects on unemployment.     

International competition, downsizing and wage inequality

A country with Cournot competition and free entry experiences an increase of its market size either due to economic growth or international integration of its goods markets. This implied increase in competition leads to shrinking mark-ups and forces firms to reduce overhead costs relative to output. This implies a reallocation at the aggregate level from administrative to productive activities. Relative factor rewards change and wage inequality increases. The factor which loses in relative terms can even lose in real terms. From a quantitative perspective, international competition is demonstrated to be the more plausible cause of rising wage inequality.     

试论低端劳动力工资形成机制的变革及其经济效应

自2004年“民工荒”暴发后，农民工工资结束了长期的停滞状态，进入了一个快速的上升通道。工资水平的上涨是由人口因素、周期因素、政策因素、结构因素等多因素导致的。随着农民工工资形成机制从传统的生存工资法则转向保留工资约束下的市场议价型工资法则，中国经济将迎来工资快速上涨的新时期。收入分配格局的变动为中国迎来库兹涅茨倒U曲线的拐点性转变提供了新契机，为缩小收入分配差异过大提供了新的可能性，这将促进中国经济增长模式由外需驱动型向内需驱动型、由投资驱动型向消费驱动型的加速转变。     

Efficiency wages,unemployment and international factor movements

"This paper examines the implications of unemployment resulting from efficiency wages for international factor movements in a standard Heckscher-Ohlin model where the relative size of the endowments of skilled and unskilled workers and the efficiency wage induced unemployment level in the unskilled labour market are simultaneously determined given the population, supply of capital and its distribution in the economy.... It is shown that the optimum labour inflow in the market with domestic distortion and the optimum capital inflow are always positive because they reduce the severity of distortion by raising employment and income for the residents. The income and employment of foreigners also increase. Under this situation the optimum labour or capital outflow on the other hand is always zero. These conclusions directly contradict the result obtained for international factor movements in the presence of exogenously determined unemployment."     

Efficiency wages,unemployment and international factor movements

This paper examines the implications of unemployment resulting from efficiency wages for international factor movements in a standard Heckscher-Ohlin model where the relative size of the endowments of skilled and unskilled workers and the efficiency wage induced unemployment level in the unskilled labour market are simultaneously determined given the population, supply of capital and its distribution in the economy. Capital in the economy is used only to train individuals for the skilled labour market, where workers are fully employed. It is shown that the optimum labour inflow in the market with domestic distortion and the optimum capital inflow are always positive because they reduce the severity of distortion by raising employment and income for the residents. The income and employment of foreigners also increase. Under this situation the optimum labour or capital outflow on the other hand is always zero. These conclusions directly contradict the result obtained for international factor movements in the presence of exogenously determined unemployment.     

International migration versus foreign investment in the presence of unemployment

"This paper extends the standard (two-factor, one-good) model of international factor movements, to include unemployment due to a minimum-income guarantee within the capital-abundant country. From this country's perspective, we establish important departures from previous (full-employment) results. Most notably, our analysis shows that: (1) free factor mobility is worse than no mobility; (2) the optimal degree of labour migration is zero; and (3) national welfare can always be maximized by an optimal flow of capital. The analysis is then extended to examine: (1) illegal migration; (2) subsidization of employment; and (3) alternative views of unemployment."