欠发达地区小额信贷可持续发展的战略思考——以保山市昌宁县为例

小额信贷作为金融领域的一种创新业务,在中国发展已有近二十年的历史。自开展以来为农村中低收入群体脱贫致富发挥了重要作用,取得了良好经济和社会效益。尤其在欠发达地区,犹如一场及时雨,为农户生产、生活提供了必要资金,推动着新农村建设进程。同时,一系列问题也接踵而至,制约着小额信贷的可持续发展。如何使小额信贷更好地服务于中国农村金融建设及社会主义新农村建设,已成为众人所思索的问题。通过对国内外小额信贷发展的比较,分析中国小额信贷的发展现状,并以具体实例分析欠发达地区农村小额信贷可持续发展的制约因素,从而提出相应的对策建议。     

我国农村小额信贷法律困境与对策

小额信贷是以贫困或中低收入群体为特定目标客户并提供适合特定目标阶层客户的金融产品,在为中国的贫困农村提供金融支持中扮演重要的角色。随着农村小额信贷的广泛开展,其对稳定的法律制度的需求日益见长,因此探讨我国农村小额信贷所面临的法律困境和对策,对完善相应的法律制度促进农村小额信贷发展具有重要的意义。     

国外小额信贷产品设计的随机评价

针对小额信贷的主流认识以及争论,一些学者对小额信贷产品设计进行了实验研究。研究发现,连带责任、妇女贷款、定期还款等乡村银行的主导技术存在改善的必要,客户筛选、行为激励有助于提高借贷双方的利益;保证储蓄、通知存款等特殊储蓄产品,有助于增进穷人储蓄;改善教育、财务能力培训等附加服务的效果,在不同案例下存在差异;提高小额保险的参保率,需要在产品定价、增进信任等方面作出努力。立足穷人的生产与消费特点,设计精细化的小额信贷产品,有助于改善小额信贷的经营效果。     

我国网络信贷行业发展现状和特征

一、网络信贷的概念 P2P是互联网概念,表示互联网的终端对终端信息交互方式和关系发生,这种交互式是基于互联网网络,不通过中间媒介.由于互联网信息技术的发展和中小微企业强烈的融资需求,民间借贷不断创新,网络借贷平台就此产生并得以发展.网络借贷是个人与个人之间不通过金融中介,直接通过网络平台实现信息交互,实现自助的借贷行为.在网络平台上,借贷双方可以实现借贷信息发布、投资咨询、资金流通、合同签署以及其他增值服务.2006年,中国第一个从事小额信贷的P2P平台宜信在北京成立,此后,P2P行业在我国发展迅速.     

析中国农村小额信贷问题及其对策

我国小额信贷已开展了20多年，在经过个别试验、全面引进、扩大试点后，逐渐形成了以信用社为发放主体，城市、农村不同受益人群的具有中国特色的小额信贷，着重探析小额信贷在我国农村发展的现状以及优缺点，在此基础上提出了解决小额信贷实施过程中所遇问题的几点意见。     

世界欠发达地区小额信贷实践分析

小额信贷作为一种有效的金融扶贫创新手段已在世界上愈来愈多的欠发达国家进行实践。通过对世界上有代表性的国家的小额信贷实践的国际经验比较，以及对小额信贷在中国欠发达地区的发展、成功经验的分析，可发现其未来发展趋势。     

传统小额贷款公司与P2P网络借贷平台融资模式对比分析

小额贷款公司与P2P网络借贷平台两者在发展都是传统金融机构的补充,有很多相同之处,但也存在一定区别,主要体现在经营模式和融资方式等.由此本文对传统小额贷款公司与P2P网络借贷平台的融资模式进行分析和研究,通过对比分析,把握当下互联网金融背景下,更好地结合P2P网络借贷平台在融资方面的优势,希望能够对小额信贷的发展促进提供借鉴.     

中国小额信贷可持续发展分析

小额信贷作为一种创新的金融制度在中国发展十几年以来取得了良好的经济和社会效益,同时也暴露出很多问题严重制约了其可持续发展。从小额信贷的产生及现实意义出发,分析了中国小额信贷的发展现状,揭示了中国小额信贷取得的成效及可持续发展存在的问题,从理论和应用两个层面对中国小额信贷可持续发展问题展开研究,提出了促进中国小额信贷可持续发展的政策建议。     

我国农村信用社小额信贷可持续发展的约束条件与对策建议

文章从小额信贷这种特殊的金融扶贫方式着手,指出目前我国农村信用社开展的小额信贷在短期内已取得了显著的成果,以及小额信贷自身的特殊性和运行环境中的一些因素制约了它的可持续发展。在分析农村信用社小额信贷在发展过程中遇到的制约因素的基础上,给出解除这些约束条件以实现农村信用社小额信贷可持续发展的对策建议。     

关于农村信用社小额信贷管理如何双赢的研究

随着中国农村经济的快速发展,中国农村的金融需求也在快速增加,在这一过程中,农村信用社的小额贷款业务获得了较大的发展空间。小额信贷作为一种扶贫和促进金融发展的新型金融方式,它推动了农村信贷市场发展,改善了中低收入者收入,已被世界上越来越多的国家认可。小额信贷机构作为一种金融组织创新,也有效地促进了经济发展的政策性目标和金融机构商业化经营原则的有机结合。     

“Big Man” politics in the social economy: a case study of microfinance in Kingston,Jamaica

Microfinance and its “reinvention as bankers-for-the-poor” to create financial inclusion has not been effective everywhere. The literature seems to suggest that the social economy and microfinance help marginalized business people; yet no one considers that political bias interferes with the social economy, making it hard for it to be just. The promise of micro-credit was to achieve a double bottom line: first, the financial sustainability of the lending institution itself, and second, the social benefit of providing loans to low-income business people. Yet, alternative pitches of a social economy to “help people” fail to analyze the embedded power dynamics within the social economy. In this case study in downtown Kingston, Jamaica, 233 small-business people who depend on development finance because of social exclusion now find that these targeted programs are intertwined in partisan, sometimes dangerous, politics. As a result, oppressed people opt out of micro-banking programs to resist “Big Man” politics – the politicians or gangsters attempting to control them. In this study of 307 interviews, I analyze the informal politics of Dons and politicians who misuse micro-credit for their own ends. I find that the coupling of class biases and clientelist practices in the social economy discourages eligible business people from taking micro-loans, and argue that the microfinance industry needs to pay close attention to this issue if it is to continue to help marginalized business people.     

Microfinance and gender inequality: cross-country evidence

Microfinance enables poor women to engage in income-generating activities, which helps them become financially independent, strengthening their decision-making power within the household and society. Consequently, microfinance has the potential to reduce gender inequality (GI). Case-study evidence from across the developing world both supports and contradicts this hypothesis. We therefore revisit this issue using macroeconomic cross-country panel data for 64 developing economies over the period 2003–2014. We find that women’s participation in microfinance is associated with a reduction in GI. However, regional interactions reveal that cultural factors are likely to influence the GI–microfinance nexus.     

农村小额信贷风险分析与对策研究

中国是农业大国,农村人口众多但收入普遍较低,农村小额信贷是国家帮助农户脱贫的一项有效的政策性工具。通过国家统计数据的相关分析,对我国农村信贷风险进行分析,得出小额信贷机构自身缺乏监管机制和农民收入低是造成信贷风险的两个根本原因。在此基础上,结合我国实际国情,提出通过小额信贷股权改革、整合产业链等方法解决农村小额信贷的风险问题。     

Mobile money adoption and households’ vulnerability to shocks: Evidence from Togo

ABSTRACT

We investigate the determinants of mobile money adoption process and whether its use helps households in Togo to be resilient to predictable and unpredictable life events. Using ordered logit and sequential logit models, our results show that in the adoption process, households benefit from weak ties of social groups such as religious group and informal saving group for the adoption of mobile money. We equally find that being client of banks or microfinance institutions act as powerful channels from one step to another in the process. Besides, our findings reveal that households whoever use mobile money seem to be more resilient to climatic shocks such as drought, irregular rain, soil degradation, erosion and fertility reduction and to shock that affect households’ assets (non-climatic: high prices of agricultural inputs). However, the picture is more contrasted when the individuals are classified by disadvantaged groups such as rural people, women, less educated and people with low incomes.     

Do microfinance institutions fulfil their promise? Evidence from cross-country data

The concept of microfinance promises poverty reduction and economic growth. We empirically challenge this economic and social promise in an attempt to prove its fulfilment. Our multivariate regressions of economic development variables such as per capita gross national income based on PPP converted to international dollars (GNI per capita PPP), GDP growth, as well as gross capital formation and labour participation rate against specific microfinance institutions’ (MFI) variables show that the success and performance of MFIs significantly influence economic development. Microfinance directly influences economic growth through the value that MFI performance adds to purchasing power. An indirect impact comes from an improvement in capital accumulation and employment rates. These insights are valuable as the interdependencies between microfinance and economic development that this article verifies offer new and progressive insights into purposeful action that can be taken to stimulate economic development and growth. Targeted development programmes as well as socially responsible investments can be applied in developing economies in order to strengthen their growth and alleviate poverty.     

The interaction effect of gender and ethnicity in loan approval: A Bayesian estimation with data from a laboratory field experiment

Microfinance targets women and uses loan provision as a tool for empowerment, which translates into better household nutrition, improved education, and a scale down of domestic violence. However, ethnic discrimination in microfinance may exist in countries with a segregated indigenous population. We assessed this possibility with a field experiment in Bolivia. The controlled laboratory experiment evaluated whether credit officers rejected microloan applications based on the interaction effect of ethnicity and gender of potential borrowers. Point estimates of a Bayesian mixed‐effects logistic regression, estimated with the experimental data, indicate that nonindigenous women have double the chance of loan approval, but indigenous women have only 1.5 times the chance of loan approval when compared with men. While the findings about gender are limited, the evidence for the interaction of gender and ethnicity is more robust and suggests the existence of positive taste‐based discrimination favorable for nonethnic women in Bolivia. We conclude that the affirmative actions towards women promoted by development agencies and microfinance institutions must not overlook ethnicity as an important factor for financial policies of sustainable development. In practice, these policies should be aimed at identifying and reducing both social desirability bias and the structural barriers to financial inclusion that indigenous women may face when trying to obtain access to a loan.     

Can micro-credit bring development?

We examine the long-run effects of micro-credit on development in an occupational choice model similar to Banerjee and Newman (JPE, 1993). Micro-credit is modeled as a pure improvement in the credit market that opens up self-employment options to some agents who otherwise could only work for wages or subsist. Micro-credit can either raise or lower long-run GDP, since it can lower use of both subsistence and full-scale industrial technologies. It typically lowers long-run inequality and poverty, by making subsistence payoffs less widespread. Thus, an equity-efficiency tradeoff may be involved in the promotion of micro-credit. However, in a worst case scenario, micro-credit has purely negative long-run effects. The key to micro-credit's long-run effects is found to be the “graduation rate”, defined as the rate at which the self-employed build up enough wealth to start full-scale firms. We distinguish between two avenues for graduation: “winner” graduation (of those who earn above-average returns in self-employment) and “saver” graduation (due to gradual accumulation of average returns in self-employment). Long-run development is not attainable via micro-credit if “winner” graduation is the sole avenue for graduation. In contrast, if the saving rate and self-employment returns of the average micro-borrower are jointly high enough, then micro-credit can bring an economy from stagnation to full development through “saver” graduation. Thus the lasting effects of micro-credit may partially depend on simultaneous facilitation of micro-saving. Eventual graduation of the average borrower, rather than indefinite retention, should be the goal of micro-banks if micro-credit is to be a stepping stone to broad-based development rather than at best an anti-poverty tool.     

A socio-economic study of the borrowing process: the case of microentrepreneurs in Jordan

This paper investigates the socio-economic determinants of four stages of borrowing process of the Jordanian microfinance market. The equations and functions corresponding to the stages of the borrowing process are estimated using a sample of 474 microentrepreneurs. The main results are as follow: variables that reflect the repayment ability are the main determinants of credit rationing in the microfinance market; religious beliefs, social responsibilities, availability of local microfinance provides, application costs, level of knowledge about microfinance providers significantly affect the borrowing process of microentrepreneurs. Credit rationing is found to be a problem for some applicants, but not for the majority.     

Microfinance and Female Group Action in Bangladesh

This paper provides evidence that participation in microfinance programs may increase the likelihood of female group action against domestic violence and spousal abandonment. Although female empowerment has been an explicit target of many microfinance programs, the literature remains conflicted regarding the magnitude and direction of impact. Using multiple estimation methods with data from Bangladesh, I find that women from villages with microfinance programs are substantially more likely than women from non‐program villages to have taken group action by publicly protesting when they observed a woman being beaten, abandoned or divorced. Taking advantage of eligibility requirements for program participation, I further show that women from program villages who are eligible to participate are substantially more likely than non‐eligible women from the same village to have taken group action, which suggests that these effects are in fact related to the microfinance programs themselves.