我国证券市场中的所得税问题研究

欧美和日本等国家的上市公司偏好于债务融资,而我国的上市公司在进行融资决策时普遍采用"轻债务重股权"的方法。本文认为这主要是因为我国的所得税制中存在对股权收益的部分征税、重复征税,对证券的投资收益和转让利得实行差别税收政策,以及存在非债务税收保护措施等,所以必须有针对性地改革现行税制,对股息所得征税遵循"同股同利"的原则,清理不恰当的非债务税收保护措施,减轻对股利的重复课税以及改革证券市场的资本利得税。     

地方国企非效率投资来源选择：债权资金优先还是股权资金优先？

以2001—2009年地方国有上市公司为样本对地方国企非效率投资来源选择进行研究,结果显示：地方国企非效率投资来源选择首先是债权资金,其次才是股权资金;当拥有较多长期贷款时,企业会更倾向使用债权资金代替股权资金,并且这种选择是理性和不可逆的;在产权保护较强和信贷配置市场化程度较低的地区,企业选择债权资金替代股权资金的动机更强;随着政府干预的增强,债权资金对股权资金的替代作用减弱。     

The information content of investment tax credits

This study examines the association between stock prices and tax credits for new investment, which appear in the balance sheet as a tax-free reserve. A number of valuation models were developed for companies listed on the Athens Stock Exchange during the period 1990–4. The empirical findings reveal that retained earnings committed to new investment, i.e. investment tax credits for future investments, are valued differently from both the remaining equity and the remaining earnings. Moreover, the empirical evidence suggests that the investment tax credits in Greece are not always viewed in a positive fashion by the stock market.     

上市公司“超能力派现”影响因素的实证研究

本文首先对“超能力派现”进行了界定,然后以2000年￣2003年“超能力派现”的公司作为总体样本,采用Logistic模型分析了我国上市公司“超能力派现”的影响因素,研究结果表明,第一大股东性质、公司上市年限、大股东中投资基金个数、资产负债率、上市公司净资产收益率是否接近配股达标线区间(6%￣7%),均对“超能力派现”有显著影响。     

企业技术创新能力对资本成本影响差异性的实证研究——基于不同生命周期视角

通过研究2013—2016年深市中小板上市公司发现，企业技术创新能力越强，权益和债务资本成本也就越低，同时技术创新能力对权益资本成本的影响程度要大于对债务资本成本的影响。进一步研究发现，不同生命周期的企业技术创新能力对权益和债务资本成本的影响有明显差异，处于成熟期的企业技术创新能力对权益资本成本影响更大，处于成长期的企业技术创新能力对债务资本成本影响更大。因此企业应注重提高技术创新能力，降低资本成本。同时股东和债权人应充分识别投资企业所处生命周期阶段，从而选取合理投资方案。     

Institutional investors,corporate governance and the performance of the corporate sector

Proportions of equity held by institutional investors—pension funds, insurance companies and mutual funds—are rising across all OECD countries. Meanwhile institutions are becoming more influential in corporate governance, even in bank-dominated countries, inter alia due to international investment, pension reform and EMU. We provide two forms of evidence on the effects of institutional corporate governance on corporate performance. First we offer a literature survey on micro evidence, the outcome of which is mixed, but on balance suggesting a positive effect on equity returns. We contend that these micro studies face a difficulty that they cannot capture effects of governance initiatives whose effects go wider than “target firms”. Accordingly, we present results for the reduced form empirical relationship between institutional share holding and corporate sector performance at an economy-wide level. These are consistent with significant effects which differ between “Anglo-Saxon” and “relationship banking” countries. For example, institutions appear to accompany lower investment and higher dividends in the former.     

Project financing,entrepreneurial activity,and investment in the presence of asymmetric information

We analyze a two-period signaling model in which a representative entrepreneur in a regional economy has a project that generates a random cash flow and that requires investment that the entrepreneur raises from a competitive market. The project's type is known to the entrepreneur but not to the investors. Further, the entrepreneur is restricted to issuing debt only or equity only. We first show that there is no separating perfect Bayesian equilibrium (PBE) contract involving the issuance of equity only, that there exists a pooling PBE contract involving the issuance of equity only, and that a debt contract is preferred to an equity contract by our entrepreneur. Next, we suppose that the entrepreneur incurs a non-pecuniary cost of financial distress F > 0 whenever he is unable to make a repayment at time t = 1. We provide conditions on F under which a pooling PBE contract with debt exists and a separating PBE contract with debt and equity exists. Finally, we examine whether a high type entrepreneur will prefer a setting with a cost of financial distress (F > 0) or a setting in which there is no such cost (F = 0).     

投资者情绪、股利政策与公司价值研究

基于行为金融学背景对股利政策的信号传递作用进行的研究发现,在不同的投资者情绪条件下,股利政策信号传递的效应存在差异。在股市上涨时期,不同股利政策对投资者的投资决策的影响几乎没有显著差异;在股市下跌时期,现金股利成为投资者获得收益的主要来源,因此发放现金股利的公司受到市场追捧。因此,上市公司股利政策制定不仅要考虑自身情况,还需要考虑市场情绪。     

Contingent capital,capital structure and investment

We examine the interaction between investment and financing policies in a dynamic model for a firm with existing assets-in-place and a growth option, of which investment cost is financed with equity and contingent convertible bonds (CoCos). We attempt to clarify how CoCos impact on investment timing, capital structure and inefficiencies arising from debt overhang and asset substitution. We show that there is a conversion ratio (the fraction of equity allocated to CoCo holders upon conversion) to eliminate the inefficiencies. Our conclusions predict that debt leverage decreases with investment option payoff factor and the average appreciation rate of the cash flow. In contrast to traditional corporate finance theory saying that a firm's value decreases globally with business risk, our model indicates that it might first decrease and then increase with asset volatility.     

Asset specificity,capital intensity and capital structure: An empirical test

Capital investment and capital financing decisions interact. To resolve current controversies in investment-leverage-growth relationships requires an integrated industrial organization/financial economics empirical model of profit margins, capital investment intensity, leverage and risk. Using cumulative future losses in discontinued operations to measure the asset specificity of the firm's investments, empiricai results support a complementary (positive) relationship between debt and investment, the debt financing of verifiable contemporaneous growth, equity financing of future growth and the debt financing of specific assets. This evidence rejects the transactions cost theory of capital structure in Fortune 500 firms.     

The Market Perception of Convertible Debt Versus Straight Debt: some Empirical Evidence from U.S. Firms and Non-U.S. Firms Listed in the U.S.

Accounting for convertible debt has long been a source of controversy in the accounting profession in the U.S. Current U.S. accounting rules require classifying convertible debt at date of issuance as "entirely debt" until conversion, despite numerous studies that assert that convertible debt is not "entirely debt", but is a blend of debt and equity. Convertible debt has taken on international interest because of the issuance of International Accounting Standard (IAS) 32, Financial Instruments; Disclosure and Presentation, which prescribes reporting separate debt and equity components for convertible debt. This study examines convertible debt issued by U.S. firms and non-U.S. firms listed in the U.S. using a levels approach. Specifically, convertible debt is compared to straight debt and contrary to ex ante expectation, convertible debt was not found to be perceived as being significantly different than straight debt for U.S. firms for any years and is statistically different in only two of the six years tested for non-U.S. firms. The validity of this study's findings is underscored by its research design, which compares convertible debt and straight debt issued by the same firms. The findings suggest that investors regard reported amounts of convertible debt similar to straight debt in their assessment of firm value.     

我国上市公司融资的趋势发展

根据现代西方企业融资的相关理论,上市公司融资方式的最优顺序是优先考虑内部融资,其次是债务融资,最后是股权融资,而我国上市公司的融资方式则与他们的刚好相反。本文通过对这些问题的研究,并且运用数据表格分析来把握我国上市公司的融资的趋势发展,分析其中存在的问题,为什么会产生这种情况,并且提出一些相关的解决措施,这样使得我国上市公司的融资行为趋于合理。     

Does having a semimandatory dividend policy enhance investor confidence? Research on dividend-financing behavior

Enhancing investor confidence is crucial for sustainable and stable development of the capital market. Does having a semimandatory policy to pay dividends help to enhance investor confidence? What is the origin of the cash dividend paid by companies to meet regulatory requirements so as to enhance investor confidence? Based on these considerations, this paper uses the exogenous policy shock that in 2006 the China Securities Regulatory Commission required listed companies to pay accumulated dividends of no less than 20 % of average annual distributable profits and adopts a panel difference-in-difference estimation strategy to explore whether this new policy has significantly enhanced investor confidence. In addition, it explores the source of external financing for cash dividends by examining dividend-financing behavior. The results show that the semimandatory dividend policy has led to new dividend-financing behavior by listed companies. The cash dividend paid by companies comes mainly from external financing, especially a net increase in debt. The paper expands the traditional theory of dividend payment and provides a reference point for decision-making by shareholders, company managers, and regulatory agencies.     

中国上市公司送转行为动因研究——基于高送转样本的检验

关于中国上市公司大量进行股票送转的动机,学术界尚存争论。本文将不同送转理论纳入同一个计量模型,利用2006～2010年进行高送转公司的样本对不同送转理论进行了验证,为解决关于股票送转动机的争论提供了经验证据。实证结果支持了"最适价格假说"与"股本扩张假说",而拒绝"信号传递假说"、"价格幻觉假说"与"股利迎合假说"。此外,本文模型对高送转公司的预测准确度达90%,基于模型预测建立高送转公司的投资组合可以获取较稳定的超额收益。     

Financing constraints and the use of performance-sensitive debt

Performance-sensitive debt (PSD) is a popular financial instrument in the corporate private debt market. In a real-options setting, this paper aims to clarify how PSD impacts on investment policy, capital structure, and agency cost of financing constraints when the firm faces the upper limit of debt issuance. We show that the constrained leverage hardly depends on the performance sensitivity. In particular, our conclusions predict that PSD can decrease the severity of financing constraints relative to the fixed-coupon debt case and the loss of firm value arising from investment and financing distortions due to the presence of financing constraints. The higher the performance sensitivity, the less likely that the firm is financially constrained. These findings provide a novel investment-based explanation for issuance of PSD.     

The Impact of Debt-Equity Reporting Classifications on the Firm's Decision to Issue Hybrid Securities

Abstract

We test the influence of classification of securities into liabilities and equity on firms' financing choices, using as our setting the change in reporting classification of hybrid securities following SFAS 150. We find that this change affected the decision of firms to issue mandatorily redeemable preferred shares (MRPS). Following the requirement that firms classify the debt-like hybrid security MRPS as a liability, the share of MRPS issuances in firms' new financing declined. Characteristics of firms issuing MRPS also changed. While prior to SFAS 150 firms with higher levels of debt and lower coverage ratios chose to issue MRPS and not debt, after its adoption, the decision to issue MRPS is no longer related to firms' pre-existing debt and coverage levels. Furthermore, our results indicate that before SFAS 150 managers were willing to bear the higher issuance fees of MRPS and chose to issue these debt-like hybrid securities over cheaper debt. The requirement to classify debt-like hybrids as a liability took away the reporting incentives for issuance and made these securities a less popular financing vehicle.     

论上市公司股东之间的股利政策冲突

非流通股股东和流通股股东不但“不同股、不同利、不同权”,而且具有不同的股利政策偏好,两类股东不同的股利政策偏好必然引发股东利益冲突,并对我国上市公司的长远发展产生负面影响,文章提出了上市公司股东股利政策冲突的解决方案。     

股权分置改革对公司股权融资偏好的影响——以青岛海尔为例

本文以青岛海尔为例,分析了上市公司在股权分置改革前后基于股权融资偏好假说融资方式的变化。股改前,由于股权分割导致流通股和非流通股的获利机制不同,通过股权融资获取超额收益和套取现金成了非流通大股东的重要获利方式,因此,上市公司的再融资决策基本是随股权融资政策的变化而变化,债务融资和内源融资成了股权融资的附属和补充;股改后,大股东和中小股东利益趋同,以前的股权融资超额收益也在逐步消失,大股东利益格局的变化以及证券市场的规范化正逐步促使上市企业的融资决策理性化和多样化。     

债务期限结构对过度投资的影响研究——基于非金融类上市公司的数据

债务期限结构对公司治理绩效有着非常重要的影响,通过就948家A股非金融类上市公司债务期限结构对过度投资的影响进行实证分析后发现：从债务期限结构治理功能的静态视角来看,债务期限结构可以减少“内部人”的资产替代行为,抑制过度投资,进而有利于保护投资者的利益;股权结构同债务期限结构的‘‘组合机制”可以有效抑制企业的过度投资行为;随着市场化程度的深入,债务期限结构的治理绩效得到逐步优化;随着自由现金流水平的提高,公司过度投资行为会变得更加严重。     

Hard Times or Great Expectations? Dividend Omissions and Dividend Cuts by UK Firms*

This paper uncovers an increasing proportion of quoted UK companies omitting cash dividends. Using a large panel of quoted UK firms, we estimate panel data probit models for the incidence of dividend omissions and cuts as functions of financial characteristics including cash flow, leverage, investment opportunities, investment and company size. These variables account for most of the increase in omission since 1995. There is relatively little evidence to link this to the major tax reform of 1997 that abolished tax refunds on dividend income payable to tax‐exempt institutions. Significant persistence effects indicate companies are slow to adjust their balance sheets through their dividend.