The relationship between satisfaction and loyalty: A mediator analysis

This study proposes a multiple mediation model to analyze the relationship between satisfaction and loyalty. The study's contribution to the literature is to examine, empirically, the main antecedents and determinants of this endogenous variable in greater depth. Thus, the research fills a gap in the literature through its analysis of the mediating role of perceived switching costs and the perceived lack of attractiveness of alternative offerings. This study applies variance-based structural equation modeling via partial least squares to a sample of 785 customers from 74 insurance companies in the service sector. The results show that perceived switching costs – to a greater extent – and the perceived lack of attractiveness of alternative offerings – to a lesser extent – are significant mediators in the relationship between satisfaction and loyalty.     

Organizational hybrids as biological hybrids: Insights for research on the relationship between social enterprise and the entrepreneurial ecosystem

Using the study of hybridization in evolutionary biology as metaphorical inspiration, I offer a thought experiment about the emergence and proliferation of social enterprise and the influence of hybrid organizing on the entrepreneurial ecosystem. After establishing a number of analogues between biological and organizational hybrids, I analyze the degree to which social enterprise may be indicative of hybrid speciation – i.e., a new organizational form – versus introgressive hybridization – i.e., a variant of a more traditional organizational form. I then use the metaphor to examine whether social enterprise: (1) possesses distinct rules and features, (2) is shaped by or shaping the entrepreneurial ecosystem, (3) still remains a hybrid organization, and (4) might even be considered an invasive species.     

The effect of product visibility upon the relationship between price and quality

Previous studies have suggested that the relationship between price and quality for certain types of consumer goods often is not positive. Investigators have hypothesized that the experience of value, or the relationship between quality and price, may be less relevant for product categories in which a consumer's self-worth may be elevated through the act of purchase. Brands within such product categories would appear to be particularly susceptible to image building strategies involving the use of premium pricing to infer high quality. This study examined the relationship between price and objective quality from 1961 through 1978 for 878 brands of 54 products within three broad product categories of toilet articles, cosmetics, and clothing. Generally, the relationship for products within these categories was weak which suggests that marketing managers of some brands may well be basing prices on intangible as well as tangible values.     

The relationship between informational justice, recovery satisfaction, and loyalty: the moderating role of failure attributions

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between informational justice, recovery satisfaction, and customer loyalty, as well as the moderating role of failure attributions, concerning the link between informational justice and recovery satisfaction. Data were gathered by means of survey from airline passengers who experienced a failure and, subsequently, a recovery within the past 1 year. The current study extends previous research by incorporating informational justice, as well as investigating the impact of stability and controllability attributions, within the existing framework of customers’ post-recovery evaluations. The results of this study found that failure attributions (stability, the frequency of failures, and controllability, whether the airline is responsible for the situation) moderate the relationship between informational justice and recovery satisfaction. The findings also confirmed that there is a positive and significant relationship between recovery satisfaction and loyalty.     

The effect of product diversification strategies on the relationship between international diversification and firm performance

Previous studies have provided mixed evidence on the interaction effect of product and international diversification on firm performance. This study extends this stream of research by investigating the differential impacts of product diversification strategies on the relationship between international diversification and firm performance. We find that while related product diversification positively influences the performance of multinational firms, unrelated product diversification negatively moderates the international diversification–performance relationship. The evidence is robust for different models of international diversification and firm performance, and holds for firms in both the service and manufacturing industries. Our findings highlight the importance of distinguishing different product diversification strategies, and provide a potential explanation for prior mixed evidence.     

产业结构调整与货币供应量的关系分析

货币供应量的大小和产业结构如何调整有很大的关系,笔者对货币供应量和产业结构进行Johansen协整分析,结果表明它们之间存在一个协整关系.根据协整误差修正结构分析,在第一产业加大货币供应量,将会带动经济快速增长,而在第三产业增加货币供应量,效率不是很高,反而会带来通货膨胀的危险,所以货币供应需向第一产业倾斜.     

The contrasting influences of incidental anger and fear on responses to a service failure

Customers’ disposition to register a formal complaint about an inferior product or poor service is often mediated by attributions of responsibility. However, the anger or fear that people happen to be experiencing for totally irrelevant reasons can also influence this disposition. Two field studies and four laboratory experiments indicate that when people feel angry at the time they encounter a service failure, they are more likely to blame the service provider for the failure and more likely to register a complaint. When they experience fear, however, they are uncertain about the cause of their misfortune and decrease their negative reactions relative to conditions in which fear is not experienced. The effects of these incidental emotions are evident both when a service failure is personally experienced and when it is only observed. These effects are eliminated, however, when individuals do not have the cognitive resources available to assess the reasons for the service failure and the conditions surrounding it.     

The relationship between spot and futures prices: Evidence from the crude oil market

This article examines the relationship between the spot and futures prices of WTI crude oil using a sample of daily data. Linear causality testing reveals that futures prices lead spot prices, but nonlinear causality testing reveals a bidirectional effect. This result suggests that both spot and futures markets react simultaneously to new information. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 19: 175–193, 1999     

The relationship between moral decisions and their consequences: A tradeoff analysis approach

While at one level, the literature in ethics for some issues is broad, deep, and complex, for others it appears limited and lacking in sophistication. This cross — cultural study deals not only with the moral reasoning behind moral dilemmas in business but also with the magnitudes these dilemmas in concert with their possible outcomes and consequences. While many studies discuss the effect of these outcomes, we have found none that have explicitly examined them.The methodology and analysis use a novel approach for this topic, and is a major contribution of the paper: that of tradeoff analysis. Tradeoff analysis is capable of revealing both the nature of an individual's moral reasoning as well as interactions between this and the rewards or consequences for the moral action. These interactions are illustrated with a cross — cultural pilot study conducted in Singapore and the United States, which reveal noteworthy differences in moral decision making.William R. Swinyard is a Professor of Business Management at Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA, 84602.Thomas J. Delong is a Professor of Education at the same university.Peng Sim Cheng is a Senior Tutor at the National University of Singapore, School of Management, Singapore 0511. Correspondence should be addressed to the first author.     

The relationship between ownership and possession: observations from the context of digital virtual goods

This theoretical article highlights limitations in the current trend towards dichotomising full ownership and access-based consumption by recognising a broader, more complex array of ‘fragmented’ ownership configurations in the context of digital virtual goods (DVGs). In challenging this dichotomy, we recognise that the relationship between ownership and possession becomes particularly significant. We therefore consider how prominent DVG ownership configurations may shape the way in which possession is assembled, potentially reducing consumers’ scope of action relative to DVGs and leaving possession susceptible to disruption. Conversely, we acknowledge ways in which consumers’ continued attempts at possession may impinge upon the agency of ownership mechanisms within the market. Our analysis ultimately builds upon existing understandings of both ownership and possession, theorising their often overlooked relation in consumption.     

A multilevel perspective on the relationship between interpersonal justice and negative feedback‐seeking behaviour

Drawing on social information processing theory, this study uses a multilevel design to integrate the literature on organizational justice with the literature on feedback‐seeking behaviour. Results from a laboratory study with data involving 690 employees showed that individual‐level interpersonal justice was related to employee negative feedback‐seeking behaviour (NFSB) via the mediation of trust in the supervisor. Multilevel analysis of the follow‐up field study with data involving 390 employees from 46 teams confirmed the findings of the laboratory study and indicated that team‐level interpersonal justice was associated with NFSB through a supportive climate. Also, team‐level supervisor support climate was positively related to individual‐level trust in the supervisor. The paper discusses managerial implications of these findings and suggests directions for future research. Copyright © 2014 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A fear-based view of wisdom: The role of leader fear of failure and psychological empowerment

Leader wisdom is crucial to effective organizations because it is one of the greatest human capacities. However, understanding what factors impact leader wisdom is still developing. In this paper, we rely on a fear-based view of wisdom and empirically examine through a quantitative study of 249 leaders if one of the primary regulators of human behavior (fear) is positively related to wisdom. We are specifically focused on the role of fear of failure and wisdom. Additionally, because we recognize that fear has a negative connotation and has a tipping point regarding leader effectiveness, we propose that psychological empowerment serves as a coping mechanism for fear and mediates the relationship between fear of failure and wisdom. Through structural equation modeling (SEM), we demonstrate that fear of failure does positively impact leader wisdom and that this relationship is mediated by psychological empowerment. This study contributes to the literature by advancing the fear-based view of wisdom which unites two of the most powerful concepts in human history: fear and wisdom. Although wisdom has a resurgence of interest in business literature, fear is not given much attention. By theoretically and empirically linking fear of failure with wisdom, we shed light on how fear is an important motivating mechanism. The study also contributes to practice by suggesting leaders should fear failure and avoid minimizing fears to be wise.     

企业上市与地区经济增长关系实证研究

本文利用协整和格兰杰因果检验方法,对我国地区经济增长与企业上市融资关系进行了实证分析,结果发现中西部地区的经济增长与企业上市之间存在显著的因果关系,而东部地区却不存在类似的因果联系.因此,上市资源向中西部地区倾斜,努力培育中西部地区有条件的企业上市,可以有效缩小地区经济差距.     

The moderating effect of individual differences on the relationship between the framing of training and interest in training

The moderating effect of individual differences on the relationship between framing training as ‘basic’ or ‘advanced’ and interest in training was examined for technical and nontechnical content areas. Participants were 109 working‐age adults (mean age = 38.14 years, SD = 12.20 years). Self‐efficacy and goal orientation were examined as moderators. Results showed a three‐way interaction between performance orientation (a dimension of goal orientation reflecting the desire to demonstrate competence in an achievement setting), age, and frame for technical training and a three‐way interaction between performance orientation, self‐efficacy, and frame for nontechnical training. Implications for future research as well as framing training to enhance interest are discussed.     

中国经济增长与就业之间的关系分析及政策启示

经济增长与就业率之间的关系,一直是学者们争论的焦点.本文根据协整理论,对我国经济增长与就业关系进行了实证分析,得出了它们之间的长期非一致性的关系,最后提出相关政策建议.     

中国经济增长与就业之间的关系分析及政策启示

经济增长与就业率之间的关系,一直是学者们争论的焦点.本文根据协整理论,对我国经济增长与就业关系进行了实证分析,得出了它们之间的长期非一致性的关系,最后提出相关政策建议.     

The moderating effect of environmental dynamism on the relationship between entrepreneur leadership behavior and new venture performance

This article outlines a model of when, why, and how the influence of entrepreneur leadership behavior on new venture performance is likely to be moderated by the level of environmental dynamism. The model is tested using a sample of 66 new ventures. The results indicate that environmental dynamism has a significant positive moderating effect on the relationship between transformational leadership and new venture performance, and a significant negative moderating effect on the relationship between transactional leadership and new venture performance. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.     

Revisiting the relationship between product and international diversification in new ventures: The moderating effect of effectuation processes

This study examines the relationship between product and international diversification in new ventures, suggesting effectuation processes to be key moderators of this relationship. Effectuation processes allow young firms to attenuate constraints imposed by the liabilities of newness, the uncertainty and the lack of prior diversification experience these firms face and which may significantly restrict the number of growth opportunities they can jointly exploit in the short run. Specifically, the findings indicate that reliance on experimentation, maintenance of flexibility and securement of pre-commitments positively moderate the relationship between product and international diversification in new ventures. From all effectuation processes, only the adoption of the affordable loss principle lacks a significant effect on the link between the two growth strategies. Theoretical and empirical implications are further discussed.     

The relationship between network structure and international channel performance: a moderating effect of E-business activity

This study is an investigation of international marketing channel modes, relationship with an export company's network of business, e-business activity, and marketing channel performance. An initial case study of three international enterprises was followed up with a questionnaire survey based on a model derived from the literature and the results of the case organisations. The main influences identified from the questionnaire survey were local market conditions and the level of cooperation between channel members. The main differences detected among the network's structural relationships resulted from differing degrees of centralisation. Different channel modes resulted in different degrees of mutual trust, centralisation, profitability, and formality in the relationship between an enterprise and its overseas contacts. The level of electronic business activity was positively related to the level of cooperation with channel partners and to the sales performance of the channel.