环保政策、治污努力程度与生态环境质量——基于三部门DSGE模型的数值分析

本文通过构建包含环保政策因素的三部门动态随机一般均衡(DSGE)模型, 研究环保政策、政府治污支出及环境消费偏好等措施对宏观经济的动态效应,尤其是对实际碳排放量和生态环境质量的影响,并在此基础上分析各项措施的传导机制.研究发现:(1)环保技术改善能够在保持经济增长的基础上,显著降低碳排放,提高环境质量;(2)征收碳税以及提升环境消费偏好均能够显著改善环境质量,但对经济增长存在一定的负效应;(3)政府治污支出能够显著降低碳排放量和提高环境质量,但中长期内会对宏观经济产生负效应,通过调整政府治污支出转化系数,能够显著提高政府治污支出措施的有效性.总体上,环保技术与治污支出是保持经济增长与环境质量协调发展的关键,提升厂商的环保技术研发水平与加大治污力度应是现阶段政策制定的参考重点.     

出口贸易的碳排放效应:源于中国工业证据

文章基于改进的出口贸易碳排放效应理论模型,采用中国工业行业面板数据,构建了变系数固定效应计量模型,对出口贸易的碳排放效应进行了计量分析。实证结论显示:工业出口贸易的碳排放效应比较显著,行业规模、贸易结构、市场化程度、出口依存度对二氧化碳排放量既有消极影响,也有积极作用;不同行业碳排放效应的强度与方向存在明显差异;减少碳排放的根本出路在于优化贸易结构、提高市场效率、合理调整出口贸易依存度、科学管理出口贸易。最后,就我国如何深层次参与国际气候制度建设,减少与贸易相关的碳排放,促进我国工业行业出口贸易低碳化、可持续发展,提出了相关应对思路与政策启示。     

对外贸易减排效应的实证研究——以北京市为例

以工业废水、废气、COD、SO2的排放量作为因变量来衡量污染物排放,对Antweiler关于贸易环境效应的回归方法进行改进。利用北京市1994年～2008年的相关数据为样本,计算外贸对GDP的影响因素,推导外贸所引致规模效应为正(即污染物排放增加),结构效应和技术效应为负,而总效应为正。外贸的快速发展能改变贸易结构、引进先进技术从而减少污染排放,使北京市环境质量趋向好的方向发展。最后,对三种减排效应进行成因分析并提出相应对策。应     

中国贸易开放对碳排放作用机制的实证研究

本文以贸易开放影响环境污染的"三效应假说"为理论依据,运用修正的GML指数法将2000-2010年中国省级的碳排放分解为经济规模变动、环境全要素生产率变动和投入产出结构变动三个部分,然后在控制变量内生性、时间趋势等因素的基础上分别对贸易开放进行回归,以检验贸易开放对碳排放的规模效应、技术效应和结构效应。研究发现:贸易开放总体上增大了碳排放,主要源于正的技术效应,其次源于正的规模效应;贸易开放的结构效应为负,但不显著;由于环境规制力度的中外差异,贸易开放通过恶化技术效率与前沿技术水平两种路径引致环境全要素生产率下降,从而形成正的技术效应。     

中日贸易污染条件研究——基于MRIO模型的分析北大核心CSSCI

基于多区域投入产出模型(MRIO),对2000-2011年中日贸易隐含碳进行测算。结果显示,中国对日本拥有大量的隐含碳顺差,中国单位出口的平均污染量是其从日本进口的5.3-7.5倍。因此,由于出口产品远比进口产品更为"肮脏",中国成为日本转移高碳产业的"污染避难所"。在此基础上,采用SDA法对影响中日贸易污染条件变迁的效应进行分解。结果显示,中国碳排放强度效应和日本中间投入结构效应为负,对改善中日贸易污染条件起到了促进作用。而中国中间投入结构效应、日本碳排放强度效应、中国出口结构及日本进口结构效应为正,加剧了中国贸易污染条件的恶化。     

中日贸易污染条件研究——基于MRIO模型的分析

基于多区域投入产出模型(MRIO),对2000-2011年中日贸易隐含碳进行测算。结果显示,中国对日本拥有大量的隐含碳顺差,中国单位出口的平均污染量是其从日本进口的5.3-7.5倍。因此,由于出口产品远比进口产品更为"肮脏",中国成为日本转移高碳产业的"污染避难所"。在此基础上,采用SDA法对影响中日贸易污染条件变迁的效应进行分解。结果显示,中国碳排放强度效应和日本中间投入结构效应为负,对改善中日贸易污染条件起到了促进作用。而中国中间投入结构效应、日本碳排放强度效应、中国出口结构及日本进口结构效应为正,加剧了中国贸易污染条件的恶化。     

综合化航空电子系统发展历程及重要支撑技术

外贸依存度反映的是一国经济对他国经济或对世界经济相互依赖的程度。本文在准确把握外贸依存度内涵的基础上,分析我国外贸依存度的现状,进而提出了"我国外贸依存度高估"的学术观点,并对其原因及影响进行了分析,最后提出改善外贸依存度的政策选择。     

我国外贸依存度影响因素的灰色关联度分析

以对加工贸易、汇率、GDP等影响贸易依存度的主要因素定量分析为基础,建立灰色关联模型,分析外贸依存度与其影响因素的关联程度。结果表明,我国外贸依存度的迅速提高主要受到汇率的影响,紧随其后的依次是GDP水平、加工贸易和GDP构成差异。而国家根据经济发展情况以及开放程度制定的不同外贸政策,使得外贸依存度也呈现出阶段性变化。     

人民币升值的贸易条件效应研究

本文采用理论分析与实证分析相结合的方法就人民币升值的贸易条件效应进行了研究。在阐明各种贸易条件内涵及其对贸易利益影响的基础上,文章从理论层面上分析了汇率变动对贸易条件的影响,说明人民币升值并不一定意味着我国的贸易条件将发生改善或恶化,这要取决于我国的进出口供给和需求弹性。笔者通过对2005年7月人民币升值以来贸易条件的实证计算和分析发现,人民币升值以来我国价格贸易条件明显改善,收入贸易条件变化不大,贸易条件总体得到改善。人民币稳定升值的汇率政策与"十一·五"规划中提出的"外贸增长方式由量的增加到质的提高转变"的贸易政策是统一的,为了促进这一外贸政策的实现,人民币的稳定升值是合理且必须的。     

中国对外贸易隐含的碳排放与利益：测算与比较

文章运用环境MRIO模型测算和比较了中国与36个国家（或地区）之间的贸易隐含碳排放余额和增加值贸易余额,全面揭示了贸易所带来的利益与碳排放的关系。主要结论包括：首先,总体来看中国历年贸易隐含碳排放和增加值贸易都为顺差,且呈同步递增趋势,表明中国是碳排放净移入国的同时也是净贸易利益的获得者。其次,中国对26个国家（或地区）的贸易隐含碳排放和增加值贸易呈现双顺差,其中对台湾地区和印尼呈现双逆差,与上述国家（或地区）双边贸易引致的碳排放净流入（或流出）与贸易净利益（或损失）之间呈现互补关系;中国对俄罗斯和印度的增加值贸易顺差而贸易隐含碳排放逆差,使中国获得贸易利益和环境改善的双重收益;对德国等6国的增加值贸易逆差而贸易隐含碳排放顺差,使中国获得贸易损失和环境恶化的双重损失。最后,中国各国（或地区）贸易隐含碳排放余额折算金额后占增加值贸易余额的比重差异较大,总体上中国与发展中国家（或地区）的贸易具有更高的碳排放效率。     

后哥本哈根：绿色经济

2010年1月29日,国务院总理温家宝分别复信丹麦首相拉斯穆森和联合国秘书长潘基文,表示中方积极评价并支持联合国哥本哈根气候变化会议发表的《哥本哈根协议》。温家宝重申,中国将采取积极措施,努力实现提出的国内自主行动目标,     

Investment in Transition Economies

Summary

All centrally planned economies suffered from overinvestment. Due to low capital productivity, reasonable growth rates in output could be maintained only with high investment/GDP ratios. Nevertheless, the sharp reduction in investment during transformational recession and its slow growth during subsequent recovery are viewed as negative phenomena, since transition economies offer numerous opportunities to increase output with relatively small targeted investment.

This paper seeks to develop and test two major hypotheses. The first one explains the behavior of aggregate investment during transition: we find that changes in external financing (current account balance), in the government budget deficit and in the institutional capacity of the state (as measured by the share of government revenues in GDP) explain up to 75% of the variations in investment/GDP ratios during transition, while the progress in reforms (cumulative liberalisation index) and in privatisation (share of the private sector in GDP) do not matter a great deal. With respect to sources of investment financing, there is some evidence that better investment performance is supported by budgetary funds, by credits to the private sector and by the strength of the stock market, whereas foreign aid is a substitute rather than a complement (i.e., it is negatively related to investment) and the inflow of foreign direct investment is not important.

The second hypothesis deals with the impact of investment on economic performance as measured by changes in GDP during transition: we find that differences in performance arc, in great part, associated not with investment patterns, but with varying marginal capital productivity. The latter in turn is determined mainly by differing magnitudes of restructuring required in various countries, i.e., by the distortions in industrial structure and trade patterns inherited from central planning, and by the institutional capacity of the state (as measured by the share of shadow economy and government revenues in GDP). The degree of liberalisation in this case appears to be a relatively important determinant of capital productivity, while the rates of inflation are not.     

External Economies of Scale and Insufficient Entry

Empirical evidence suggests that many industries are characterized by external economies of scale, yet the literature on the welfare effects of entry has ignored this aspect. We show that entry can be insufficient instead of excessive in the presence of external economies of scale. Using an example with specific demand and cost functions and Cournot competition, we show that insufficient entry occurs for any positive cost of entry and the possibility of insufficient entry increases with a higher cost of entry. Hence, anti-competitive entry regulation may not be justified in industries with strong external economies of scale, which may occur due to knowledge spillover.     

论全球化经济的不平等性

传统的国际贸易理论和新制度经济学理论对国际贸易的趋势与格局有着截然不同的看法。本文以大量的南北差距和全球化经济不平等的事实为依据,验证了新制度经济学派的贸易理论,得出全球化经济具有不平等的重要结论。在全球化经济不平等的影响下,寻求适合自身的发展模式就成为发展中国家的一项尤为重要的任务。     

Organization and Management Research in Transition Economies

Abstract

This article ascertains some problematic issues that may arise when conducting organization and management research in the former socialist countries. It reflects on methodological difficulties the two authors have encountered themselves in doing empirical research in a number of East European transition economies (the Baltic States, Bulgaria, and the CIS-especially in Belarus, Russia, and the Ukraine) since the beginning of the transformation in the late 1980s. By providing examples from their own experience, the authors suggest some solutions for solving methodological problems, which other researchers might face while accomplishing empirical studies in a peculiar but also a very attractive research context.     

非洲经济蹒跚行

一些非洲国家的经济在迅速增长，但它们的基础是很脆弱的。     

Economies of scale and the demand for money

Cross-sectional data from four Surveys of Small Business Finance demonstrate that economies of scale in money holding exist, that these economies appear to be increasing over time, and that the magnitudes are greater than those estimated for large US corporations. Firms not practising several specific cash management techniques and firms facing constraints in the credit market hold lower money balances. Minority-owned firms exhibit economies of scale similar to the overall sample but cash management practices and credit constraint variables generally do not influence their money holding behavior. Scale economies vary widely across industries but overall means are relatively stable over time.