北京城市女性独生子女生育意愿和生育行为研究

利用北京市人口研究所两次独生子女问卷调查所获第一手资料,对北京城市女性独生子女婚育群体进行考察。在生育意愿方面,女性调查对象的意愿生育水平呈现偏低发展走向,但二孩生育意愿出现明显上升,不过对于生育"政策二孩"的选择呈现明显的矛盾心理和不确定性;在实际婚育状况方面,初婚初育时间在后移,婚后离开父母单独居住开始增多,孩子以双方父母照料为主。政府应积极鼓励双独夫妻生育两个孩子,发挥"政策二孩"生育对于缓解人口结构快速老化的功能。     

受教育程度、收入阶层与生育意愿研究

文章基于2015年和2017年中国综合社会调查数据,使用工具变量法实证检验在不同收入阶层中受教育程度对生育意愿的影响程度和作用机制。实证结果表明,受教育程度对生育意愿的影响在不同收入阶层中呈现差异性,在低收入阶层和中等收入阶层中,受教育程度的增加会降低生育意愿,对生育意愿具有抑制效应,但在高收入阶层中没有呈现显著影响,稳健性检验进一步支持上述结论。从“教育—成本”“教育—文化”和“教育—阶层”三方面考察教育对不同收入阶层作用机制的差异,结果显示,在不同收入阶层中,受教育程度对生育意愿产生影响的机制不同。对中等收入阶层而言,受教育程度的提高对生育意愿的抑制作用受到“教育—成本”“教育—文化”和“教育—阶层”三方面的共同影响;而在低收入阶层中,受教育程度的提高对生育意愿的抑制作用主要是“教育—文化”机制在发挥作用。因此在政策制定时,应重点关注中低收入阶层群体的生育意愿,防止陷入低生育率陷阱。     

南充市城区已婚育龄妇女生育意愿与生育行为调查研究

为了解四川省南充市城区已婚育龄妇女的生育意愿和生育行为,为南充市相关的研究提供参考依据,文章采用便利抽样,使用自制匿名问卷对南充市城区已婚育龄妇女以面对面的方式进行调查。使用t检验、χ2检验和logistic回归进行分析。结果表明:共调查297名已婚育龄妇女,平均年龄31.89±5.32岁。理想孩子数为1、2、3的人数分别为126人(42.42%)、168人(56.57%)、3人(1.01%);已育孩子数量为0、1、2、3的人数分别为11人(3.70%)、202人(68.01%)、82人(27.61%)、2人(0.67%);平均理想子女数为1.59±0.51,平均已育孩子数量为1.25±0.53(t=9.339,P<0.001),理想子女数≥2的育龄妇女已育子女数≥2的比例高于理想子女数为1的育龄妇女(χ2=51.905,P<0.001)。Logistic回归分析显示,与育龄妇女已育孩子数有统计学关联的因素为育龄妇女理想孩子数、年龄、是否是独生子女、是否购买养老保险、丈夫文化程度、住房类型。从而得出结论:南充市城区育龄妇女生育意愿和生育行为较低,育龄妇女的生育意愿、自身条件会影响生育行为。     

趋同的城乡生育意愿对生育政策调整的启示--基于北京市城乡独生子女生育意愿的比较研究

对北京市2006年和2008年的城乡独生子女生育意愿作了调查。在我国经济社会较为发达地区,城乡独生子女的生育意愿无论在生育数量还是在子女性别偏好和生育时间上都存在趋同的现象。对目前各省市在生育政策调整时城市和农村依然采取不同政策的做法提出看法。在经济社会较为发达的省市,可以推行城乡一体化的生育政策。     

生育意愿的决定因素——一种分析框架

本文首先重新界定了生育意愿的概念,认为生育意愿包括意愿生育数量、意愿生育性别比、意愿生育质量三个维度。接着,本文将决定生育意愿的因素分为:基本信息因素、经济因素、社会情境因素。最后,本文阐述了生育意愿决定因素的作用机制。     

苏南流动人口生育意愿研究——以吴江流动人口为例

以吴江为例,对苏南流动人口生育意愿中的理想子女数、性别偏好、生育时间与生育动机四个要素分别作了考察。就流动人口的年龄、性别、婚姻状况、收入水平、文化程度等客观要素与生育意愿中四要素的关系进行了分析。生育动机是生育意愿中的核心要素,对理想子女数、性别偏好与生育时间起着决定性的作用。     

太原市育龄人口生育意愿调查研究

随着经济不断发展,人们的生育意愿不可避免地会随之变化。本文在问卷调查数据分析的基础上,对太原市的总体生育现状以及不同群体的生育意愿做出回答,并对影响当前育龄人口生育意愿的因素进行了分析研究,提出相应的政策建议。     

家庭收入水平、性别观念与再生育意愿

目前,生育率持续下降已成为我国严峻的社会问题,而提升育龄群体的再生育意愿成为解决该问题的突破口。本文使用2017年中国综合社会调查数据研究家庭收入水平和性别观念对育龄群体再生育意愿的影响。研究发现:高收入水平家庭的再生育意愿更高;性别平等观念对育龄群体的再生育意愿有负向影响,性别观念越平等,再生育意愿越低;对育龄群体的再生育意愿进行性别异质性检验,发现男性群体的再生育意愿主要受到个体经济因素的影响,女性群体受到个体和家庭因素的共同影响;对育龄群体的再生育意愿进行城乡异质性检验,发现城市育龄群体的收入、职业地位对再生育意愿有正向影响,但这一影响并未在农村得到相同体现。为此,应从建立健全生育支持政策体系、消除性别平等观念与性别分工实践之间两个方面提高育龄群体的再生育意愿,进而提高社会总体生育水平。     

机器人使用如何影响女性生育意愿

新兴技术变革作为推动经济高质量发展的关键动力,其对生育观念的影响受到广泛关注。本文通过理论模型厘清机器人使用影响女性生育意愿的内在逻辑,并综合使用国际机器人联盟(IFR)公布的机器人安装数据和2018年家庭追踪调查数据(CFPS2018)进行实证检验。研究发现:(1)机器人使用降低了女性生育意愿,该结论在使用双重机器学习、双向固定效应模型等进行稳健性检验及使用工具变量处理内生性问题后依然成立;(2)机器人使用降低女性生育意愿的机制是谈判地位效应;(3)机器人使用对体制外的就业部门、劳动力成本高的地区、受宗族文化影响强的家庭的女性生育意愿的抑制效应更大;(4)以机器人为代表的新兴科技变革改变了家庭生育偏好,说明机器人使用有助于缓解性别比例失衡。同时,机器人使用还冲击了女性的“性别角色”观念,提高了女性在生育决策中的自主性。为此,可以通过健全产权保护制度,优化营商环境等措施,充分发挥机器人等新兴技术对经济高质发展的推动作用,缓解性别比例失衡。     

Public Investment in Transportation Infrastructure and Economic Performance in Portugal

In this paper, we use a VAR approach to investigate the effects of public investment in transportation infrastructures on private investment, employment, and output in Portugal. Estimation results suggest that public investment crowds in private investment and employment, and has a strong positive effect on output. We estimate that one euro in public investment increases output in the long‐term by 9.5 euros, which corresponds to a rate of return of 15.9%. These figures imply that there are strong long‐term budgetary benefits from public investment in the form of increased future tax revenues. A closer look at the effects of different types of public investment uncovers the same general patterns. These results are very important from a public policy perspective. They suggest that the strategy followed by the Portuguese authorities of investing in public infrastructures is justified, both from a long‐term development perspective and a long‐term public budgetary perspective.     

Public Investment and Income Taxation: Redistribution vs. Productive Performance

This paper deals with government investment in a static two-type self-selection model of optimum income taxation. It is shown that the second-best investment rule is consistent with efficient production, provided that public investment has no influence on relative factor prices. Otherwise, however, redistributive income taxation implies that optimal investment expenditures exceed (or fall below) the efficient level as long as they raise (or decrease) the wage rate of the unskilled individuals relative to the wage rate of the skilled individuals.     

Tax Policy and Human Capital Formation with Public Investment in Education

This paper studies the effects of distortionary taxes and public investment in an endogenous growth OLG model with knowledge transmission. Fiscal policy affects growth in two respects: first, work time reacts to variations of prospective tax rates and modifies knowledge formation; second, public spending enhances labour efficiency but also stimulates physical capital through increased savings. It is shown that Ramsey-optimal policies reduce savings due to high tax rates on young generations, and are not necessarily growth-improving with respect to a pure private system. Non-Ramsey policies that shift the burden on adults are always growth-improving due to crowding-in effects: the welfare of all generations is unambiguously higher with respect to a private system, and there generally exists a continuum of non-optimal tax rates under which long-run growth and welfare are higher than with the Ramsey-optimal policy.     

Health, Wealth, Fertility, Education, and Inequality

The authors use a new cross-country dataset to estimate the strength of the links between different dimensions of social and economic development, including indicators of health, fertility, and education, as well as material wellbeing. This differs from previous studies in employing data for different income groups in each country in order to provide direct evidence on factors driving inequality, and in using a unique measure of material wellbeing that does not rely on PPP comparisons.     

Public Investment, Congestion, and Private Capital Accumulation

This paper analyses the impact of public investment on the dynamics of private capital formation in an intertemporal optimising market-clearing framework. The key feature characterising the analysis is that the public good is treated as a durable capital good, subject to congestion. We show how in the presence of congestion the effect of government investment on private capital formation involves a tradeoff between the degree of substitution between private and public capital in production and the degree of congestion. Both lump-sum and distortionary tax financing are considered, with this tradeoff being tightened in the latter case     

公开市场信号对创业投资决策和绩效的影响

本文通过分析470家创业投资机构在1999—2008年间对10个行业的投资决策,发现以创业投资支持的行业IPO数来衡量的公开市场信号显著地影响了创业投资机构的投资决策,且行业经验越丰富的创业投资机构对公开市场信号变化的敏感性越强。在此基础上,通过考察这些创业投资机构在此期间的1 648条投资记录的绩效,发现行业经验作为创业投资机构的重要人力资本能够有效地发现公开市场信号带来的投资机会,提高投资绩效。     

Altruism,Liquidity Constraint,and Investment in Education

In Japan and other East Asian societies, household educational expenditures per child (especially private tutoring expenditures) have increased sharply, perhaps to an excessive degree. This paper suggests a rationale for many families to invest extensively in education, whereas other relevant literature rarely addresses the possibility of excessive educational investment. Introducing altruism and liquidity constraints into a model in which parent and child interact for determining investment in the child's education, we show that educational investment may be excessive unless the family is profoundly liquidity‐constrained. Our result extends previous findings incorporating the Samaritan's Dilemma. We also discuss public policy designed to remedy the inefficiency in educational investment.     

Public Investment and Economic Performance in Highly Indebted Poor Countries: An Empirical Assessment

Understanding how public investment affects economic performance in highly indebted low‐income countries is crucial in order to implement effective fiscal policies for adjustment with growth. In this paper we provide an empirical analysis to investigate the relationship between public investment, private investment and output. A dynamic econometric procedure is implemented on a selected group of Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPCs). Our results provide empirical support for the crowding‐in hypothesis and a positive relation between public investment and output.     

政府公共教育投资与经济增长关系的实证分析

教育作为一种无形资产,可以促进人力资本积累及科学技术进步,从而带动整个社会的经济发展。本文通过建立模型实证分析了我国政府公共教育投资与经济增长之间的关系。检验结果表明,我国的公共教育投资与经济增长之间存在双向的Granger因果关系,经济增长对公共教育投资具有显著的促进作用和较长的持续影响效应,但公共教育投资对经济增长的影响效应并不显著,二者之间的相互影响关系是非对称的。