加强会计学专业定岗实训教学新思路

会计专业作为应用性很强的一门学科、一项重要的经济管理工作,是加强经济管理,提高经济效益的重要手段,经济管理离不开会计,经济越发展会计工作就显得越重要。随着经济的高速发展和我国高等教育改革的深化,会计学专业人才的实践能力培养越来越受到学校及社会的广泛重视。本文就会计学专业实践能力培养途径及方法进行分析和探究。     

董事会特征对会计信息披露质量的影响——来自我国上市公司的经验证据

检验了我国董事会制度改革对强制性和自愿性信息披露质量的影响。研究发现:独立董事比例、独立董事超过1/3、"二元"领导权结构、财务专业背景的独立董事比例、审计委员会的存在、以及公司规模和雇佣"四大"与会计信息披露质量成显著正相关;灰色董事和内部董事超过1/3、配股动机与会计信息披露质量成显著负相关;而董事会规模、董事会会议次数、CEO变更、董事持股比例和财务杠杠与会计信息披露质量不显著。此外,还发现独立董事超过1/3、"二元"领导权结构、财务专业背景的独立董事比例和审计委员会的存在是影响强制性和自愿性信息披露质量最为显著的因素。     

会计职业判断的研究

会计职业判断是会计信息系统的必要程序,其必要性缘于会计的主观性特征。会计职业判断不仅会影响到会计信息的质量,而且会产生相应的经济后果,因此应引起充分的重视。本文探讨了会计职业判断的必要性、特点、应遵循的原则、影响因素以及判断能力的提高途径。     

Noncognitive skills, occupational attainment, and relative wages

This paper examines whether men's and women's noncognitive skills influence their occupational attainment and, if so, whether this contributes to the disparity in their relative wages. We find that noncognitive skills have a substantial effect on the probability of employment in many, though not all, occupations in ways that differ by gender. Consequently, men and women with similar noncognitive skills enter occupations at very different rates. Women, however, have lower wages on average not because they work in different occupations than men do, but rather because they earn less than their male colleagues employed in the same occupation. On balance, women's noncognitive skills give them a slight wage advantage. Finally, we find that accounting for the endogeneity of occupational attainment more than halves the proportion of the overall gender wage gap that is unexplained.     

Gender Roles and Organizational HR Practices: The Case of Women's Careers in Accountancy and Consultancy Firms in China

The Chinese finance industry has experienced significant expansion both within the state sector and into the private sector. Professional consultancy firms have also emerged as a result of the rising interest in the outsourcing of accounting and management services. However, the study of women's careers in the accountancy profession in contemporary China remains largely an uncharted territory. Drawing on data from 69 interviews with auditors in five firms, this article investigates the nature of work of external auditors in China and how women auditors view their work‐life choices and constraints. We explore the likely differences between male and female auditors in their career aspirations and the extent to which these self‐perceived differences are informed by social conventions of gender role, organizational practices, and personal preferences. The study has strong implications for human resource management in professional service firms in China, with particular reference to job design, work organization, career support, and work‐life balance initiatives. The study contributes to the debate on gender, employment, and career development in the accountancy profession in different parts of the world. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

我国会计制度改革的基本思路

会计制度是特定会计环境下的产物,加入WTO对我国的会计环境产生了重大的影响,要求继续深化我国的会计制度改革。本文以此为背景,阐述了入世后我国会计制度改革的基本思路,即:以会计国际化作为会计制度改革的出发点和落脚点,以会计法律法规作为会计制度改革的指导依据,以会计准则作为未来会计规范体系的核心内容,以单位内部会计制度作为会计规范体系的基础,以会计职业道德作为会计规范体系的实施保障。     

Executive compensation and gender: S&;P 1500 listed firms

We examine if a gender gap persists in executive compensation and if the composition and the determinants of executive compensation for men versus women are the same for the S&P1500 listed firms during the period from 1992 to 2004. This analysis is also extended to high tech firms, where high scholarship is required both for male and female executives. The results reveal that the gender gap in executive compensation is reducing essentially after the year 2000. Also, the factors that explain the variation in executive compensation are not all the same for men and women. However, firms continue to pay women, who are considered more risk averse than men, a similar proportion of risky compensation components, such as stock options and restricted stocks, than they pay to men. In terms of technology firms, we find that the gender differences in total compensation are not statistically significant. Our study offers insight into recent data for executive compensation. The finding that the gender gap diminishes is a sign of a better functioning market for executives. Our findings could be potentially useful for compensation committees in order to develop compensation packages that take into consideration the degree of risk aversion in order to enhance performance. Compensation adjusted for risk aversion can produce a higher level of satisfaction for the employees and can lead to better performances. Future research should focus on international comparison of various dimensions of executive compensation.     

中小企业融资问题及对策

目前,中国的中小企业近2600万家,占全国企业总数的97%,为国家贡献了55%的GDP,中小企业的贸易量占国际进出口贸易的比例达65%,为国家贡献了超51%的税收,提供了超65.7%的工作岗位。中小企业已成为扩大就业、推动创新、繁荣经济、调整经济结构的重要力量。但是,中小企业的融资难、融资贵,成为制约其生存与发展的关键因素。中小企业面临不完善的融资制度以及受限制的融资渠道,相关政府部门需对此给予重视,为中小企业的健康发展提供助益。     

Can Lawyers Take Parental Leaves and If So, with What Impacts? The Case of Québec

Lawyers are increasingly females, with women having gained a major entry in this profession and outnumbering males in legal studies and new rights have been put forward in some countries, such as parental leaves. Thus, the modalities by which lawyers use, or forgo, these new rights, in particular concerning parental leaves that can be shared between parents, raise questions in a profession characterized by significant time demands. Does this go so far as to challenge the traditional model of gender relations in the profession? Our analysis of the uptake of parental leaves indicates this is not the case and that firms do not support women and parentality more than was the case when only men dominated the profession. Surprisingly, things do not appear to have changed much over 20 years, as women are still not in the position to put in additional hours, to take on additional cases or responsibilities or to participate in social in evening activities. And still today, women affirm that their incomes are lower and that they get promoted less often than men. It appears that, although it is a right to take maternity and parental leave, those who do take these leaves have less career opportunities, for example less chances to make partner in a firm than those who choose not to take these leaves. While women tend to move to smaller firms with less constraints concerning work hours, male lawyers, contrarily to men in many other professions who take the paternity/parental leave at a rate of 80 % when they become fathers, feel this may be a high price to pay and those in large law firms tend not to take this leave or to reduce its duration.     

Spain

Abstract

Recent accounting scandals have brought into question the efficacy of accounting education and research and the relationship of accounting educators to the profession. This paper calls for a comprehensive reassessment of accounting education, especially in terms of: undergraduate accounting programs; the development of an approach to accounting research and scholarship that is more closely focused on impact rather than purely methodological rigor; and the establishment of significantly more interaction between the profession and accounting educators. These changes, some of which could be painful and disruptive to the current structure of accounting departments, must begin to occur or we as accounting educators run the risk of being marginalized as the accounting profession tries to respond to the needs of society.     

Gender,the state and the audit profession: evidence from Spain (194288)

Extant knowledge on gender and auditing overwhelmingly relies on evidence gathered from a limited group of Anglo-Saxon countries. It is widely admitted, however, that gender issues are affected by the institutional contexts of the investigation. The Anglo-Saxon settings, we contend, embrace a number of idiosyncratic, institutional characteristics that advise caution in the generalizability of results. Our study addresses the role of gender in Spanish audit practice during the period 1942 to 1988. The environment of the Spanish audit profession witnessed the peaceful transition from a dictatorship to a full-fledged democracy as well as the emergence of a free market economy from a system characterized by stiff economic autarchy and an overriding intervention of the state in the economy. We found that the dominant role of the state in Spanish society affected the structure of the audit profession and made impossible the emergence of an autonomous project. In particular, our findings reveal that the audit profession did not have an independent strategy about the role of women at work, but mimicked the attitudes deployed by the state during our observation period.     

Education,Occupation and Career Expectations: Determinants of the Gender Pay Gap for UK Graduates*

Despite anti‐discrimination policies, women are paid 20% less then men in the UK. A large proportion of this wage gap is usually left unexplained. In this paper, I investigate whether the unexplained component is due to mis‐specification. Using a sample of recent UK graduates, I examine the role of choice variables (subject of study and occupation) as well as career expectations and aspirations. The evidence indicates that women are more altruistic and less career‐oriented than men. Career break expectations, for example, explain 10% of the gender wage gap in the favoured model. By omitting attitudinal variables, most studies are likely to overestimate the unexplained component of the gender wage gap. Women with a more traditional view concerning childrearing are also found to have less intensive search behaviour. Since aspirations may reflect perceived discrimination or social pressure, current legislations are unlikely to reduce the gender wage gap.     

The role of accounting and the accountancy profession in economic development: A research agenda

A widely held view in the accountancy profession and the donor community is that accounting and the accountancy profession play an essential role in economic development. However, our review of the academic literature finds limited empirical research evidence on the relation between accounting and the accountancy profession and economic development, including specifically whether any such relation is causal, and if so, the direction of the causality. Entities, including those comprising the donor community, policymakers, and professional accountancy organizations (PAOs), need evidence on the question of whether and how the accountancy profession contributes to economic development. Such research could assist donors in evaluating the outcomes of interventions aimed at building the capacity of PAOs in emerging and developing economies and inform future interventions. We summarize the limited academic research addressing the relation between PAOs and economic development and present insights from two roundtables facilitated by the International Association for Accounting Education and Research. We identify research opportunities and research design considerations. We hope our paper will stimulate accounting researchers to advance this literature.     

Absenteeism,Gender and the Morbidity–Mortality Paradox

Women are, on average, more often absent from work for health reasons than men, but live longer. This conflicting pattern suggests that the gender absenteeism gap arises partly from factors unrelated to objective health. An overlooked explanation is that men and women might have different preferences for absenteeism due to different attitudes to, for example, risk. Using detailed administrative data on absenteeism, hospitalizations, and mortality, we evaluate the existence of gender‐specific preferences for absenteeism and analyze whether these differences are socially determined. We find robust evidence of gender differences in absenteeism that cannot be explained by poorer objective health among women. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Entrepreneurial intention: the role of gender

There is general agreement in previous research, drawing on the Theory of Planned Behaviour, that attitudes towards entrepreneurship are determining factors on entrepreneurial intention and gender also seems to play a key role. This study supports the core entrepreneurial intention model and focuses on the role of gender in this process, showing that men are more likely to think about creating a firm than being determined to do it. However, of those men, the ones who perceive higher congruence between masculine and entrepreneurial attributes are more likely to have a firm entrepreneurial intention. Also, both men and women with a firm entrepreneurial intention perceive successful entrepreneurs to have feminine attributes. This, together with the characteristics of the sample, may explain the lack of a gender difference in entrepreneurial intention.     

Gender differences in macroeconomic expectations: evidence from Turkey

The aim of this study is to examine how men and women’s expectations differ about macroeconomic outlook. We examine whether there exist similarities or differences in men and women’s macroeconomic expectations. For this paper, 365 of Turkey’s leading business economists, strategists, portfolio managers and industry managers participated in a survey titled “Economic Expectations in Turkey for 2010.” The survey investigates gender differences in regards to four macroeconomic expectations; namely, inflation, unemployment, growth and exports. The survey participants are first classified according to their gender, and then their economic perceptions are analyzed. Initially, Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistics are implemented to test normality of data. Then, the Chi-square test of independence is used to compare macroeconomic expectations of men and women. The empirical findings show that macroeconomic expectations of males and females are not statistically different for inflation, unemployment, and exports. On the other hand, macroeconomic expectations of males and females are statistically different only for economic growth at a 10% level. The results indicate that gender is not one of the main determinants for macroeconomic expectations.     

Gender analysis of entrepreneurial intentions as a function of economic development across three groups of countries

The aim of this paper is to analyze the gender differences in entrepreneurial intentions by studying a range of socioeconomic and psychosocial factors. Furthermore, we aim at analyzing these differences in three groups of countries depending on the stage of economic development of each country according to the Global Competitiveness Report. Using a logistic regression analysis and data from the 2008 APS (Adult Population Survey) database which is part of the Project GEM (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor), results show the existence of gender differences in entrepreneurial intentions. The model proposed in the study has decreasing explanatory power as the degree of economic development increases, and is also more conclusive for men than women. An important methodological innovation we implemented in the current study is the use of the variable gender as a dependent variable rather than a variable of a socio demographic nature.     

The Impact of Gender Similarity on Employee Satisfaction at Work: A Review and Re‐Evaluation*

abstract We used data from the British 1998 Workplace Employee Relations Survey (WERS98) to examine key unanswered questions about the impact of gender similarity on employee satisfaction at work. The study sample consisted of 11,848 men and 11,278 women from over 1700 workplaces across Britain. In line with gender‐specific compositional arguments, the effects of gender similarity were found to be asymmetrical for men and women, with similarity tending to have a greater positive impact on men than on women. The effects involved were primarily linear in nature. Net of the potentially confounding influence of other factors, they were also found to be quite weak, weaker than has commonly been suggested in the literature.     

Refining the linkage between perceived capability and entrepreneurial intention: roles of perceived opportunity,fear of failure,and gender

This study refines the relationship between perceived capability and entrepreneurial intention by considering the mediating roles of perceived opportunity and fear of failure and the moderating role of gender. A moderated mediation framework is developed on the basis of perspectives of the cognitive phenomenon of categorization and the social role theory. Two samples of Taiwan and China obtained from the database released by Global Entrepreneurship Monitor were used to test the hypotheses. A logistic regression analysis followed by a bootstrap approach reveals several interesting results. First, perceived capability positively affects entrepreneurial intention through perceived opportunity; this indirect linkage is stronger in China than in Taiwan. Second, compared with the fear of failure, perceived opportunity has a stronger mediating effect in linking perceived capability and entrepreneurial intention. This difference is more remarkable in China than in Taiwan. Third, gender partially moderates the mediating effect of perceived opportunity. Specifically, perceived capability has a stronger indirect effect on entrepreneurial intention through perceived opportunity among men than among women in Taiwan; however, the difference is not significant between men and women in China. In addition, age negatively affects perceived opportunity and entrepreneurial intention.     

法务会计及其人才培养初探

法务会计是应市场经济的发展、经济活动的复杂化而产生的一门新型的“复合型”边缘学科和特殊职业。与传统会计相比,法务会计具有服务主体广泛、执行业务职能涉及法律多层、服务重点鲜明、会计实务双重等特点。法务会计是一个具有广泛发展空间的行业,需要更高层次的综合素质人才。培养造就合格的法务会计人才是我国高校及会计职业教育的一项重要而长期的任务。