GROWTH AREAS,GROWTH CENTRES AND REGIONAL CONVERSION*

Five arguments in favour of a growth area strategy have been analysed and though all of them lack empirical substance, they have certain merits on a priori grounds. Thus any policy which contributes, on the long-run, to a more rapid concentration of a region's population into relatively large urban areas, is likely to create the conditions for servicing net and replacement demand for social/economic overhead capital at a low per capita cost. Moreover for a given subsidy cost, discriminatory investment in the dense, complex, urbanised areas of a region may maximise the flow of income to regional earners in the short-run: attract the maximum flow of exogenous enterprise and capital; and give the best chance of creating a new export base which reduces the regional balance-of-payments deficit and provides sufficient job-opportunities to restrain the flow out of the region of the economically active. In addition, the quality and content of shortterm regional planning may be improved if the mix and scheduling of public investment over time is given a rigorous spatial dimension. Thus, on all of these counts, there are convincing reasons for encouraging an especially rapid development of the relative large, dense interrelated urban areas and by contrast good reasons for a relative neglect of the small hinterland areas.     

CONSUMPTION GROWTH ACCOUNTING

The methodology in this paper combines an input–output structural decomposition approach with the supply-side perspective of mainstream growth accounting. In explaining the intertemporal change in consumption per worker, three sets of effects are distinguished. First, contributions due to several types of technological changes are considered. Second, effects caused by changes in international trade are discerned. Third, composition effects that reflect structural shifts in demand (including changes in tastes) are quantified. As an empirical illustration, we analyze the developments in the U.K. between 1979 and 1990.     

中国经济的增长-GDP数据的可信度以及增长的微观基础

该文从GDP计算体系和经济增加值(EVA)分析方法着眼,对近年来中国经济增长速度及其与企业微观绩效之间的关系进行了理论和实证性的分析.研究结果表明,首先,我国近年来的经济增长数据基本可靠;第二,我国宏观和微观经济之间并不存在本质性的背离;第三,我国经济的可持续发展的增长点来自于上市公司、集体企业、民营企业、外商及港澳台投资企业、股份制企业等;最后,中国经济的增长能否继续如现状持续下去,很大程度上取决于资本成本能否继续下降.     

TAXES AND GROWTH: TESTING THE NEOCLASSICAL AND ENDOGENOUS GROWTH MODELS

Changes in the tax rate alter real growth permanently in an endogenous growth model, but only temporarily in a neoclassical model, where the only permanent effect is a decrease in the steady-state level of output per capita. Using data from the 1960'1992 period for a panel of 11 Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development economies, this paper's empirical results support the following conclusions. First, consistent with the tax smoothing hypothesis, tax rates have exhibited significant persistent changes while output growth rates have not. Second, a higher tax rate permanently reduces the level of output but has no permanent effects on the output growth rate. These findings are inconsistent with endogenous growth mechanisms and suggest that the relationship between output and the tax rate is best described by the neoclassical growth model. (JEL E62, 041)     

中国经济的增长-GDP数据的可信度以及增长的微观基础

本文从GDP计算体系和经济增加值(EVA)分析方法着眼,对近年来中国经济增长速度及其与企业微观绩效之间的关系进行了理论和实证性的分析。研究结果表明,首先,我国近年来的经济增长数据基本可靠;第二,我国宏观和微观经济之间并不存在本质性的背离;第三,我国经济的可持续发展的增长点来自于上市公司、集体企业、民营企业、外商及港澳台投资企业、股份制企业等;最后,中国经济的增长能否继续如现状持续下去,很大程度上取决于资本成本能否继续下降。     

中国区域经济增长中的土地资源尾效研究

依据建立的土地资源尾效测算模型,运用面板数据分析方法,从区域维度和时间维度对我国内地31省区经济增长中的土地资源尾效进行了实证研究,并分析了土地资源尾效存在区域差异的原因。研究发现:①不同地区的土地资源尾效值整体差异较大;②不同地区的土地资源尾效值随时间变化差异较大;③人口增长率的提升、土地资源的弹性系数较高和资本的弹性系数较高是土地资源尾效存在区域差异的主要原因。     

POVERTY EQUIVALENT GROWTH RATE

This paper proposes a new type of growth rate, called the “poverty equivalent growth rate” (PEGR), which takes into account both the growth rate in mean income and how the benefits of growth are distributed between the poor and the non‐poor. The proposed measure satisfies a basic requirement that the proportional reduction in poverty is a monotonically increasing function of the PEGR. Thus, maximizing the PEGR implies a maximum reduction in poverty. The paper demonstrates that the magnitude of PEGR determines the pattern of growth: whether growth is pro‐poor in relative or absolute sense or is “poverty reducing” pro‐poor. The pattern of growth has been analyzed for Brazil using the National Household Survey (PNAD) covering the period 1995–2005.     

国际资本流动、增长因素结构变迁与经济增长

在开放经济条件下,国际资本流动对资本、技术、人力资本和制度等经济增长因素的结构变迁有重要的影响,进而对经济增长有重要作用。     

与中国经济共同成长专访恒生银行副董事长兼行政总裁柯清辉

从汇丰银行见习行政人员到恒生银行副董事长兼行政总裁,柯清辉走入了人生最辉煌的阶段。年少时的柯清辉加入汇丰银行成为见习行政人员时,并没有想到他在2005年能成为汇丰银行的18名高层管理人员之一。时至2005年5月25日,56岁的柯清辉接任汇丰集团成员恒生银行的副董事长兼行政总裁,成为这家拥有72年历史和7500名员工的银行领头人。     

ENDOGENOUS GROWTH CYCLES*

Current explanations for why a growing economy necessarily goes through periods of high and low growth predict countercyclical R&D investment. As this is very controversial from an empirical perspective, a stochastic Poisson model of endogenous growth cycles is presented where the determinants of the cyclical behavior of R&D investment are analytically studied. Providing an explicit expression for the expected length of a cycle shows that high‐frequency fluctuations can indeed be understood by this approach. It is also shown how small technological improvements translate into large aggregate fluctuations.     

经济结构变化与经济增长

卡尔多事实描述的是发达工业化经济在短期内的现象,如果我们考虑欠发达国家,或者考虑工业化早期,卡尔多事实所反映的规律就会消失。一般而言,人均产出增长率与人均产出水平两者之间表现出非线性的驼峰形(hump-shaped)关系。本文认为,这种关系是由于经济内部结构的变化(即农业、制造业和服务业的相对比重变化)以及城乡劳动力转移和城市化引起的。进一步,本文提出了两种相互竞争的模型,一种认为经济增长由工业部门驱动,另一种则认为城市化是经济增长的动力。两种模型都与经济结构变化和经济增长的主要特征吻合,至于哪一个模型能更好地反映经济现实,则还需要进一步验证。     

经济结构变化与经济增长

卡尔多事实描述的是发达工业化经济在短期内的现象,如果我们考虑欠发达国家,或者考虑工业化早期,卡尔多事实所反映的规律就会消失.一般而言,人均产出增长率与人均产出水平两者之间表现出非线性的驼峰形(hump-shaped)关系.该文认为,这种关系是由于经济内部结构的变化(即农业、制造业和服务业的相对比重变化)以及城乡劳动力转移和城市化引起的.进一步,该文提出了两种相互竞争的模型,一种认为经济增长由工业部门驱动,另一种则认为城市化是经济增长的动力.两种模型都与经济结构变化和经济增长的主要特征吻合,至于哪一个模型能更好地反映经济现实,则还需要进一步验证.     

FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT ON GROWTH CONVERGENCE

This paper investigates whether the impacts of financial development on growth convergence vary with the stage of real development. We implement this analysis through the instrumental variable threshold regression approach proposed by Caner and Hansen. Our empirical evidence shows that financial intermediary development leads to long‐run convergence in growth of both economic activity and productivity. Moreover, such convergence‐enhancing effects of financial intermediation are stronger for less‐developed countries than for the more industrialized. In addition, the data reveal that stock market development assists growth convergence only in low‐income countries.     

多因素作用下的中国经济增长

在经济周期、产业升级、国际环境和宏观政策等多因素的作用下,今年以来的中国经济运行态势良好。估计全年经济增长相对平稳,GDP年增长率将在 7.4%～7.6%之间,不大可能出现 8%以上的经济高涨,国民经济将出现少有的“一”字形运行轨迹。而要保持目前经济增长的良好势头,体制改革和政策应对至关重要。     

ENVY, INSTITUTIONS AND GROWTH

The use of interdependent preferences provides an intuitive link between institutions and growth. Envious agents that care about relative wealth choose to use an available destruction technology to inflict harm on the wealth of other agents when institutions fail to make property rights secure, while they use a production technology to increase their wealth when institutions make it easy and hassle-free to engage in production. The use of interdependent preferences is justified by an extensive literature and can provide a motive for agents to take actions that block growth in the absence of theft or other concrete gains.