中国传统村落空间分布特征与影响因素分析

村落是乡村振兴战略实施的载体,认知传统村落空间分布及其影响因素对传统村落的传承和发展有重要价值。以中国传统村落为对象,采用核密度方法识别核心和次核心;构建“格网分析—空间自相关—地理加权回归”的影响因素研究方法,并进行实践分析。发现:①在地理格局上,传统村落主要分布在“胡焕庸线”以东、第二和第三级阶梯、年均降水量400 mm以上的区域、亚热带季风气候区和温带季风气候区;从行政区划来看,部分省份、地级市的交界地带为传统村落的密度核心。②GWR结果显示,对于地形因素,第二阶梯海拔越低、第三阶梯海拔越高传统村落越集中;对于生态因素,在农产品主产区或生态环境保护区,既出现生态环境越好传统村落越密集特征,也出现生态环境越好传统村落越分散特征;对于人口因素,“胡焕庸线”以西的大部分地区人口越密集传统村落越集中,而该线以东区域则相反;对于经济因素,中西部大部分经济发展水平较低的区域传统村落趋于聚集,东部地区经济水平总体较高传统村落趋于分散;交通和城市因素在不同区域对传统村落空间分布亦存在两面性特征。总体看,各地理要素的回归系数存在正负值、正负值比重差异以及高低值空间差异,反映各要素对传统村落空间分布的影响方向、程度和范围均存在较大空间差异。基于空间分布特征及要素回归系数空间差异,提出了传统村落开发利用的建议。     

京津冀地区传统村落的空间分布特征及其影响因素

运用ArcGIS空间分析工具和Excel统计工具对京津冀地区265个传统村落的空间分布和影响因素进行分析。研究显示,京津冀地区传统村落的空间分布类型为凝聚型,从市域尺度来看,传统村落的分布呈不均衡分布状态,主要分布在张家口、石家庄、邢台、邯郸和北京等地。从地理区域来看,传统村落集中分布在冀西北间山盆地区、冀西南一带的太行山山地内,以及北京境内的太行山和燕山地区。这一地区传统村落的分布受到地形、历史和社会经济状况等因素的影响。     

浙皖陕滇四省传统村落空间分布特征及影响因素

以宏观尺度传统村落差异化保护为切入点，选取浙江、安徽、陕西、云南等具有地方特色的四省传统村落为研究对象，综合运用统计学与GIS空间分析等技术方法分析了不同省份传统村落空间分布格局及其影响因素。研究发现：(1)四省传统村落均呈凝聚性分布，安徽的分布最不均衡但集中度最高，浙江和陕西次之，云南集中度最低。(2)四省传统村落多集中在丘陵与山地地区，其中陕西以丘陵为主，浙江以山地为主；同时，各省传统村落在整体上有较明显的沿河、沿湖分布趋向。(3)四省传统村落存在较明显的城镇中心聚集现象，绝大多数村落分布在中心城镇30 km范围之内；而在交通方面，安徽省传统村落的交通通达性最高，云南省最差。(4)陕西、云南两省的部分城市，传统村落密度与经济发展指标存在正相关，其余城市两者多为负相关，说明社会经济的发展对传统村落的影响方式存在区域差异性。在分析不同区域传统村落特点的基础上，提出了差异化保护和开发对策。     

贵州省苗族传统村落空间结构识别及影响机制

苗族传统村落是地域文化、民族团结和利益关系的重要载体,系统研究其空间分布对保护传统村落、实现乡村振兴具有重要意义。运用核密度分析、网格维分析、空间相关分析和地理探测器等方法对苗族传统村落的空间结构进行科学识别,并探寻其影响机制。结果显示:①贵州省苗族传统村落空间分布上呈集聚特征,空间分异显著;核密度最大值为雷凯台区域,呈倾斜"T"字形坐落特征。②苗族传统村落为无标度区,具有明显的分形结构特征。自组织演化中围绕清水江和都柳江等地带展开,分形结构十分复杂。③苗族传统村落为显著的空间正相关性,呈以东南为热点区、东北—西南为冷点区的分布格局。④苗族传统村落集中分布在海拔500～1 000 m、地形起伏度30～70m、坡度5°～15°、清水江与都柳江以及交通闭塞等地带;自然地理环境对苗族传统村落空间分布格局起着基础性作用,苗族文化和苗族人口分布起着决定性作用,落后的经济发展水平和闭塞的交通条件起着重要的保护作用。     

中国西南地区传统村落空间分布特征及其影响机理

传统村落作为历史文化、民俗风情、建筑艺术的重要载体,是中国优秀传统文化的重要组成部分。以我国西南地区1 912个传统村落为案例,运用计量地理法与GIS空间分析探索传统村落空间分布特征及其影响机理。结果表明:(1)西南地区传统村落空间分布不均衡,区域差异明显,且逐渐形成滇西北、黔东南—黔东北、黔南和云南红河州四大高密度区。(2)地理探测器因子探测结果显示:自然环境的影响因子最强,地域文化次之,经济发展水平等人文社会因子影响力较弱;各影响因子间交互作用增强,且海拔高程、坡向和河流间两两交互的增强作用最为明显。(3)从影响机理来看,西南地区传统村落的形成演化是自然环境、社会经济和政策导向交互耦合作用的结果。自然环境因素是决定西南地区传统村落的空间结构和发展方向的"基石",起着主导作用;人文社会因素是传统村落发展演化的内在驱动因素;政策导向是形成现有空间格局的外在动因。     

湖南省不同区域开发区工业用地利用效率评价研究

运用加权平均法和层次分析法,就湖南省四大不同区域的14个市州开发区工业用地利用效率进行了综合评价分析。结果表明：①全省开发区工业用地利用效率整体不高,各区域存在明显的空间差异;②长株潭地区开发区工业用地综合效率有明显的比较优势,但在用地结构效益方面有待改善;环洞庭湖3市在开发区投入水平、产出水平上仍显不足;湘中南和大湘西区投入水平、产出水平都有待提高,其中大湘西区结构效益方面表现相对较好。最后,结合各区域开发区工业用地利用特点提出针对性优化对策和建议。     

中国传统村落时空分布特征与影响因素

文章选择中国8155个传统村落作为研究样本，通过最邻近指数、地理集中指数、不均衡指数、核密度分析等方法，对中国传统村落的空间分布以及相关影响因素进行探究。结果发现：(1)从空间分布类型来看，传统村落整体上南多北少，呈现集聚分布的形态。(2)从空间分布均衡性的角度分析，传统村落在空间上呈现非均衡分布的态势，且有较高的集中度。(3)从空间分布密度的角度分析，传统村落大致形成五大集聚区，分别为：山西—河北—河南三省交界集聚区、东南沿海及其周边集聚区、湖南—广西—贵州三省交界集聚区、云南边境集聚区、青海—甘肃两省交界集聚区。(4)传统村落分布受自然、经济、社会等3个方面的综合影响，其中，自然因素主要影响早期传统村落选址，经济因素、社会因素在传统村落的保留及后期分布格局的形成过程中发挥着重要作用。针对传统村落时空分布特征及成因，从经济水平、交通条件、政策环境和民族风俗等4个方面提出发展建议。     

近50年湖南省耕地利用绩效时空分异特征

从投入强度、利用程度、经济效益、社会效益和生态效益5个方面,选取18个单项指标,构建耕地利用绩效综合评价指标体系。运用熵值法,结合GIS和空间自相关技术,分析近50年湖南省耕地利用绩效时空分异特征。结果表明:11963—2009年湖南省耕地利用绩效呈现"缓慢下降—波动缓增—加速增长"的阶段性发展趋势,即1963—1977年处于缓慢下降阶段;1978—1999年表现为波动增长阶段;2000—2009年处于加速增长阶段。湖南省耕地利用绩效以经济效益和社会效益快速增长为主要特征,各子系统呈现不同的演变特征。2从空间分异规律看,2009年湖南省各县耕地利用绩效具有显著的区域差异性,呈现集簇分布的空间特征。耕地利用绩效较高水平县域多集中分布在长株潭和洞庭湖地区;大湘西地区多数县域耕地利用绩效处于低水平状态。3自然环境、社会经济发展水平、农业基础条件和区位条件是湖南省耕地利用绩效空间分异的主要影响因素。     

古徽州传统村落空间演化特征及驱动机制

古徽州地区是我国目前传统村落保存面积最大、保护最为完整、具有深厚社会历史文化内涵的区域,具有重要的利用价值和学术研究价值。文章采用历史文献梳理、GIS空间分析、地统计等方法对古徽州传统村落空间进行解构。传统村落外部空间分布总体呈现出网络状和枝状发展特征,规模上具有明显的集中性与等级性,形态上趋于均衡分布。在内部空间序列上,揭示了传统村落的核心空间、街巷空间、水口空间、滨水空间的组织规律,发现传统村落的发展深受聚族而居的宗法社会结构、天人合一思想、深厚的宗族观念等影响。最后,基于特征认知,探讨传统村落空间组织与自然环境、区位环境和经济、社会、文化之间的内在关联性,揭示了传统村落空间演化的驱动机制。     

山西非物质文化遗产空间分布及成因分析

文章研究山西非物质文化遗产空间分布特征,对山西非物质文化遗产的保护与开发具有重要的指导意义。利用ArcGIS空间分析法研究山西非物质文化遗产空间分布特征。结果表明:山西非物质文化遗产种类齐全,全省呈集聚分布形态,呈现出两主核一次核的分布规律,区域分布不均衡。从全省来看,非遗主要集中在晋中、晋南地区,晋北地区较少;从南北来看,自北向南非遗集聚程度逐渐明显;从类别来看,以传统技艺、传统戏剧和民俗为主;并且具有明显的沿河流分布的特点。地脉文脉因素是形成山西非物质文化遗产空间分布的重要因素。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

Solidified Branding Function: How the Urban Brand Affects a Small Town’s Development? Case Study of Wangqingtuo,Tianjin, China

Chinese small towns are usually developed with single core industry,and the urban brand is the identity of a town that formed with the development of its indust...     

Nonlinearity in Stock Exchange Markets: The Case of Bist 100 Indices

In this paper,using data for the Bist 100 index,we investigate the presence of nonlinearities by employing several nonlinearity tests.The Brock,Dechert,and Sche...     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Perspective on the Economic Evolution of the European Union States Under the Impact of the Pandemic and Financial-Economic Crisis

The European Union,which is at the beginning of its term of office for all Member States in the European Parliament,the European Commission,its governing body a...     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.