Merger waves,entry-timing,and cross-border acquisition completion: A frictional lens perspective

We study the impact of deal announcement and entry-timing within a cross-border acquisition (CBA) wave on the likelihood of acquisition completion. Drawing upon the frictional lens perspective, we identify two types of frictional forces- wave-friction and partner-friction within merger waves. We follow a simulation-based methodology and identify three CBA waves for Indian acquirers between 1995 and 2015. Our findings suggest that acquisition announcement within a merger wave as compared to outside of a wave is negatively related to the likelihood of deal completion. Further, within a merger wave, we find an inverted U-shaped relationship between entry-timing and the likelihood of deal completion.     

Learning by doing: Cross-border mergers and acquisitions

We rely on organizational learning theory and strategic momentum research to examine the international merger and acquisition (M&A) activities of a sample of S&P 500 firms. We hypothesize that the learning associated with a firm's prior acquisition experience increases the likelihood the firm will engage in subsequent international acquisitions. Results from a sample including company-country level data indicate that both prior domestic acquisitions and international acquisitions influence the likelihood of acquisitions in foreign markets by U.S.-based firms. We also find that prior experience with international acquisitions is more predictive of subsequent international acquisitions than prior domestic acquisition experience. Moreover, we find that the acquisition experience within a host country had a stronger influence on subsequent acquisitions within that country than other prior non-host country international acquisition experiences.     

出口网络能促进对外直接投资吗——基于中国的理论与经验分析

本文将企业出口网络引入企业对外直接投资的内生性选择模型,分析出口网络对企业进行绿地投资和跨国并购的影响。模型分析结果表明:在相同的生产率水平下,出口网络大小通过影响企业对外直接投资(绿地投资和跨国并购)所需生产率"阈值",进而影响企业对外直接投资概率;当出口网络扩大对企业对外直接投资所需生产率"阈值"带来的正向效应大于负向效应时,网络扩大会提高企业的对外投资概率;而当出口网络扩大对企业对外直接投资所需生产率"阈值"带来的负向效应大于正向效应时,网络扩大会降低企业的对外投资概率;本文利用2001—2014年中国上市工业企业数据进行实证分析,发现出口网络扩大对工业上市企业的绿地投资以及跨国并购行为都有显著的正向影响,在考虑了出口网络的其他特征后,实证结论依然稳健。     

中国企业跨国并购现状分析与趋向预期

从总体规模、分布结构、并购动机、方式与效应等角度入手,考察了中国企业跨国并购的现状,并对其未来发展趋向作了前瞻性预期。     

Foreign acquisitions by Chinese firms: A strategic intent perspective

This article presents a strategic intent perspective (SIP) to analyze the foreign acquisitions made by Chinese firms. It suggests that Chinese firms strategically use cross-border acquisitions to achieve goals, such as acquiring strategic capabilities to offset their competitive disadvantages and leveraging their unique ownership advantages, while making use of institutional incentives and minimizing institutional constraints. The SIP is supported by the evidence from three firms that we studied, where dozens of interviews were conducted, including the one with the founder of Lenovo. This study contributes to extant international business theories by incorporating the SIP to examine internationalization strategies of firms from developing countries.     

Cultural influences on cross-border vacationing

This study investigates the impact of cultural variables on cross-border vacationing in the Western New York-Southern Ontario region in North America and the Hong Kong-Shenzhen area in Asia. A survey of 635 cross-border vacationers in the two regions indicates that economic, quality, and service variables and the affective pleasure of vacationing in a foreign environment exert effects on vacationers' perceptions, behavior, and satisfaction predicted on the basis of the levels of individualism, uncertainty avoidance, and time orientation prevalent in those border regions.     

融资约束与中国企业对外直接投资模式:跨国并购还是绿地投资

本文在Manova(2008)理论研究的基础上,引入绿地投资和跨国并购两种投资方式,发现融资能力强的企业更倾向于选择跨国并购,于是运用2003—2010年中国工业企业中发生跨国并购和绿地投资的企业数据,实证检验融资约束如何影响企业对外直接投资的模式。结果表明:融资约束低的企业选择跨国并购的概率更大,融资约束相对较高的企业则选择绿地投资,具体表现为融资约束降低1%,企业选择跨国并购的概率将增加2.51%;在不同投资动机下,融资约束的影响有所差异,在商贸服务和生产型投资动机下,融资约束低的企业选择跨国并购的概率更大,而技术研发动机下,融资约束则不影响投资模式选择。     

Do cross-border acquisitions create value? Evidence from overseas acquisitions by Chinese firms

Based on the dynamic capability and organizational learning perspectives, we examine whether acquirers from emerging economies can create value for their shareholders in cross-border mergers and acquisitions, and the key drivers which may influence any such value creation. A sample of 367 cross-border mergers and acquisitions between 2000 and 2011 involving Chinese listed companies as the acquirers was analyzed to highlight the relationship between the cultural distance involved and the acquirers’ market valuation. On average, such cross-border transactions created value for the acquirer's shareholders, but cultural distance was negatively related to the extent of such value creation. Larger firms, more experienced firms, and acquisitions within the same industry were found to be less affected by cultural distance, emphasizing the importance of learning and absorptive capability, but employing a financial advisor did not seem to help. Thus firms with greater absorptive capacity were found better able to overcome the difficulties caused by cultural differences. Implications for research and practice are discussed.     

我国兼并重组政策的实施效果——以上市公司为例

以2005—2016年沪深A股上市公司以及2005—2019年沪深A股上市公司并购绩效数据为样本,以我国2010年出台的促进企业兼并重组的政策为切入点,综合运用面板二值选择模型、泊松模型、动态面板模型等方法,从企业并购微观层面考察兼并重组政策的实施效果。研究发现,从数量上来看,兼并重组政策颁布后激励了企业并购,提高了企业并购的概率和并购数量;从质量上来看,虽然企业并购后短期绩效提高,但从长期绩效来看,企业并购后民营企业和地方国有企业长期财务绩效下降,中央企业长期财务绩效提高。进一步研究发现,兼并重组政策通过缓解融资约束的途径弱化了兼并重组政策和并购绩效的负相关关系,提高了并购企业的长期财务绩效;但通过政府补贴手段强化了兼并重组政策和并购绩效的负相关关系,进一步降低了并购企业的长期财务绩效。研究结论意味着兼并重组政策的颁布对不同所有权性质的企业实施效果不同,中央企业在兼并重组政策颁布后企业并购的概率和数量增多,并购绩效提高;而民营企业和地方国有企业在兼并重组政策颁布后虽然并购的概率和数量增多,但是从质量来看长期财务绩效下降。     

Internationalization performance of Chinese multinational companies in the developed markets

This study investigates the relationship between prior cooperation experience with partners from the developed markets and internationalization performance of emerging multinational companies. Based on the knowledge-based view, this study sheds light on the crucial role of knowledge base, organizational learning in the home country, and acquisition possibility of knowledge in the host country. Employing a sample of Chinese international firms, this study demonstrates that international experience accumulated by learning through linkage with partners from the developed markets improves the performance of companies from the emerging market. Organizational learning in the home country and acquisition possibility of knowledge in the host country moderate the effect of international experience. The implications of these findings for theoretical development and future research are discussed.     

Do innovative emerging market cross-border acquirers create more shareholder value? Evidence from India

This study attempts to investigate the role of absorptive capacity of emerging market firms in creating shareholder value from developed market acquisitions. It analyzes the cumulative abnormal return of cross border acquisitions of listed Indian firms in Europe focusing on acquirers’ research intensity. The study discovers a U-shaped relationship between research intensity of Indian acquirers and their cumulative abnormal return following acquisitions in Europe. As such, firms with no research capacity can benefit from the acquisition by accessing advanced targets, although firms with extensive research capacity outperform any of their Indian competitors as these firms have the absorptive capacity to not only exploit but also explore the knowledge base of the acquired target. Furthermore, we found a positive effect of the acquisition of a high-tech target company, regardless of the absorptive capacity of the acquirer. We also found that business group membership has a positive impact on shareholder value, although horizontal acquisitions as compared to vertical and unrelated deals have a significantly negative impact for these companies. This result is again linked to the more explorative nature of vertical and unrelated acquisitions in comparison with horizontal deals that are more based on the exploitation of existing resources and capabilities.     

Founders' experiences for startups' fast break-even

While some previous studies have found that the role of founders' collective experiences is paramount in resolving problems inherent in startups, others have failed to substantiate this. This study claims that this incongruence is attributable to a failure to consider organizational processes in which founders' experiences translate into organizational assets through information distribution and interpretation. Using the data from the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics, this study demonstrates that startups reach their break-even point faster when their founders have had work experience in the same industry, and that this effect becomes stronger when these firms commit more resources to information distribution and interpretation.     

风险投资对企业并购决策的影响及作用机制

近年来,伴随着并购市场的快速发展及股权投资退出渠道的多元化,风险投资参与的并购决策事件大幅增多。本文以我国创业板上市企业完成的并购事件为研究样本,系统研究风险投资对企业并购频次、并购支付方式及多元化并购行为等方面的影响及其作用机制。结果发现,风险投资能够通过抑制管理层过度自信进而降低并购方的频繁并购行为;得益于风险投资对并购中信息不对称的缓解,目标方接受有风险投资背景的企业以非现金方式作为并购支付对价的概率更高;此外,风险投资通过提升企业内部控制有效性,使得有风险投资背景的企业更偏好于进行同行业并购,以优化企业并购目标选择及实现企业规模效应。     

中国企业的组织学习与创新能力——基于问卷调查的实证研究

在目前竞争日益激烈,变化日新月异的外部环境下,一个企业的组织学习能力已成为其能否生存的必备条件之一。但关于组织学习的文献大多都局限在发达国家中的一些大型企业。而即便在西方与日本,对于组织学习的定义还存在着明显的分歧。中国作为世界上最大的制造业和服务提供国,受到了越来越多的关注,理解中国企业中组织学习活动已经成为研究组织学习和创新能力之间关系的一个新起点。本研究通过问卷对不同行业典型企业的中层和普通管理人员及大量员工进行调查,得出一系列中国企业有关组织学习和创新能力的特征。研究发现中国企业组织学习与创新能力同企业所在行业特征和企业的所有权结构、业务特征等因素相关,但很难显示出文化特异性的迹象。这一研究对于今后在研究中通过控制以上变量,以问卷以外的访谈方式,更好地进行研究设计,挖掘跨国家、跨地域和跨文化特征具有重要的意义。     

Do networks of financial intermediaries help reduce local bias? Evidence from cross-border venture capital exits

Contributing to the literature on local bias and financial networks, we examine how direct and indirect network ties of financial intermediaries mitigate the effects of distance and preference for local investments. In our analysis of cross-border venture capital exits, we find that proximity within networks facilitates cross-border transactions, which suggests that network distance is an important dimension of distance in addition to its geographical and cultural dimensions. The results also suggest that network distance affects the reach and quality of mediated information: indirect ties to partners' partners, with their broad reach, facilitate the identification of investment opportunities, whereas direct ties, which have certification effects, facilitate quality assessment.