Influence of the Banks' Money Mediation Behavior on the Monetary Policy: A Study of Korean Case

Abstract

This paper analyses how financial institutions' arbitrary intermediation behaviors, including adjustments in bank lending and deposit rates, influence monetary policy transmission channels. For the analysis, we develop a New Keynesian Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (NK DSGE) model with parameters estimated to fit the Korean conditions. The role of banks is subsequently examined by classifying monetary policy transmission channels (real rate channel, nominal debt channel, financial accelerating channel, and banking attenuator channel). A notable part of this analysis is the inclusion of the banking sector in the model specifically with the intent to study transmissions from the financial sector to the real economy. This paper follows this line of inquiry with recent research in mind. Empirical analysis verifies the existence of the banking attenuator effect in Korea, which means banks act to reduce the effect of monetary policies. This indicates that if financial intermediaries strengthen arbitrary adjustment behaviors of lending and deposit rates, the effect of the monetary policy intended to relieve volatility in the business cycle may not be as high as expected.     

Offshore Banking and Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Analysis

Abstract

This paper investigates the effect of an offshore banking sector on economic growth. For this purpose, we specified a growth equation for the 41 countries that report their external positions to the Bank for International Settlements and evaluated how the size of an offshore banking sector, measured by external assets or liabilities contributed to the countries' per capita income growth. The distinctive features of this paper are that compared to previous studies, we used more comprehensive data and more flexible empirical specifications to investigate the effects of offshore banking. We find that the size of an offshore banking sector and economic growth have a nonlinear relationship, and the growth effect tends to increase as the scale of offshore banking increases.     

Financial Liberalization and Foreign Bank Entry on the Domestic Banking Performance in MENA Countries

Abstract: This study examines the impact of financial liberalization and foreign bank entry on the domestic banking sector from 1996 to 2007, and builds upon and expands the work of Lee (2002). We find that foreign bank entry, financial liberalization, ownership structure and degree of openness of foreign bank entry positively impact domestic banking system operating efficiency, capitalization, risk management, long‐term soundness, financial performance as well as economic and financial development. However, foreign bank entry is associated with reduced profit margins and increased operating costs of domestic banks in countries with less developed capital markets. Empirical evidence seems to support the argument that foreign bank presence leads to better allocation of capital and eliminates connected lending practices.     

International Evidence on the Link between Quality of Governance and Stock Market Performance

Abstract

This paper examines the link between country-level governance and global stock market returns. We find a negative relation between governance quality and equity return. Countries with low governance scores, on average, have higher equity returns than those with high governance scores after controlling for global risk factors known to influence international equity returns. This implies that investors associate low governance quality with increased risk and thus demand higher risk premium. We find that the quality of governance as measured by Political Stability and Absence of Violence is key governance dimension affecting international equity returns, suggesting that heightened investor concerns over political risks have profound impact on equity markets. Interestingly, we find no evidence that variation in equity returns is affected by the governance indicator representing Voice and Accountability. The findings of this study provide important policy implications.     

我国银行网络拓扑结构特征的实证研究

复杂网络理论是研究银行系统内在结构和功能的有力工具,文章通过估测银行同业拆借矩阵,基于银行间信用拆借关系采用阈值法构建了银行有向网络模型,并研究了银行网络的基本拓扑统计性质和聚类结构。实证研究表明:银行网络中少数节点具有较高的出度与入度,银行网络具有较高的聚集系数。同时对银行网络互惠性和派系的分析能有效地挖掘银行网络内在结构信息,有助于理解银行网络形成机制以及银行间风险传染行为。     

The nexus of finance and GDP growth in Japan: Do real interest rates matter?

This study empirically investigates whether real interest rates are associated with a stronger or weaker finance–growth relationship in the Japanese economy, where the relationships between banks and firms are characterized by main bank relationships and keirestu as well as a government implemented low interest rate policies since the early 1990s. Several econometric models are used to obtain empirical robustness. This study confirms the substantial effects of real interest rates on finance–growth relationships in Japan. In the regime with higher (lower) real interest rates, the banking system has significantly positive (adverse) effects on output growth. Empirical evidence exists that a low interest rate policy is an important hindrance to the ability of the banking system to impact economic growth in Japan.     

From expansion to panic and crash

Abstract

The object of this paper is to study, empirically and historically, the development of the Norwegian banking system from 1913 to 1924. The paper will also deal with bank-industry relations in the period. The ultimate purpose is to explain why the post-war slump of 1920–21 led to a major banking crisis in Norway in the twenties, more severe than in the other Nordic countries.     

From growth to crisis

Abstract

Banking history has had little attention in Denmark if compared to many other countries. The purpose of this article is to present some current topics of interest in Danish banking history from about 1850 to the interwar years. Special emphasis will be laid upon the relations between banks and industry as well as the boom and bust phases of the banking system during the period.     

外国所有权与银行治理演化

从银行公司治理的特征出发,探讨了外国所有权与国内银行治理制度演化的关系。结果表明,控股股东与非控股大股东之间的有效制衡关系是实现银行治理效率的最优安排;只要外国所有权的制度质量高,并且持股数量达到一定的比例,可以实现国内商业银行治理机制向国际先进的治理制度演化。为此,监管当局应增加外国股权投资者的制度质量评估,适当提高持股比例、延长持股年限,促使战略投资者与国内银行形成紧密的战略合作关系。     

财务报告透明度与上市银行治理:国际经验与启示

本文在全面考察国外商业银行公司治理机构的基础上,针对近年来国外理论界和监管层所强调的提高银行透明度、加强信息披露的趋势,提出内、外部治理相结合,加强我国上市银行公司治理的政策性建议。     

A 1735 Danish tract on economic policy

Abstract

About 1720 nearly all Western European countries experienced a monetary expansion which manifested itself most strongly in John Law's banking in France and the English ‘South Sea Bubble’. The same trend was in evidence in the Danish Monarchy; during the last years of the Northern War bank notes (‘kurantsedler’) equivalent to about one million rix-dollars were issued to meet the substantial military expenses.     

Asian Financial Crisis and the Evolution of Korean Banks Efficiency: A DEA Approach

Abstract

In the mid-1990s, the East Asian countries experienced severe financial crisis that were followed by deep economic downturns. A variety of methodologies have been used to understand the nature of the Asian financial crisis. However, the impact of the 1997 Asian financial crisis on the efficiency of the financial industry has yet to be critically examined. By employing the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach the present study attempts to examine for the first time the impact of the 1997 Asian financial crisis on the efficiency of the Korean banking sector. The study focuses on three major approaches, namely, intermediation, value added, and operating approaches. The results clearly bring forth the high degree of inefficiency in the Korean banking sector, particularly a year after the Asian financial crisis. We find that the Korean banking sector has consistently exhibit higher technical efficiency levels under value added approach, while technical efficiency seems to be lowest under intermediation approach.     

我国上市公司内部审计的独立性研究

上市公司的有效治理必须有内部审计的参与,这已是国际、国内公司管理界和内部审计界的共识。当前由于大量的国内外上市公司造假案的涌现,内部审计的独立性越来越受到人们的重视。文章就此论题探讨其科学内涵,结合我国现状,研究如何加强上市公司内部审计的独立性。     

The Global Financial Crisis Revisited: Competition and Regulation

Abstract

Using data of the systematic banking crises from 1981 to 2008, we examine how competition and regulation are related to the crises. We find that countries with higher concentration and/or higher market power of the banking industry are less prone to crises. Further, they are more likely to have weathered the 2008 global financial crisis. However, regulatory and institutional factors play little role and the estimation results are shown to be sensitive to measures of the degree of competition or severity of the crisis, as well as the coverage of the crises.     

Tariff protection in Sweden, 1885–1914

Abstract

The Swedish finance company crisis was a kind of “run” that happened in September, 1990. It marked the beginning of the Swedish banking crisis of the early 1990s. The crisis was initially focused on the finance company Nyckeln. The specific negative information about Nyckeln is identified, and so is the extreme lateness with which it reached, if at all, the supervisory authority and the banks that were involved in lending to the finance companies. The paper then inquires whether there were warning signs of the forthcoming crisis in capital market and other public information, by means of the usual event study methodology. The data employed include indices for the banking industry and the real estate and construction industry, and share prices and trading volume for finance companies. The conclusion is that the crisis really came as a surprise, with very little advance warning.     

上市证券公司投资银行业风险及其防范

随着证券市场的发展及行业竞争的加剧,投资银行业面临的风险越来越大。如何有效地控制风险,是上市证券公司投行业生存和发展的关键问题。针对当前投行业中存在的主要风险,本文认为:最关键的是要持续完善法人治理结构、内部控制构架及以净资本为核心的风险控制指标体系;优化投行业务流程;探求新的风险管理手段和技术创新;完善有关法律法规,加大对违规违法行为的处罚力度。只有这样,才能有效地控制投行业务风险。     

A study of the old Danish aristocracy

Abstract

Hugo E. Pipping's major work on the early history of the Bank of Finland and its development from being the sole bank in Finland to its assumption of the role of central bank with its own gold reserves is not merely the history of a bank. It describes fully the beginning of the Finnish banking system and analyses the unique monetary conditions of the country. In the process the Bank itself sometimes recedes into the background of the story, but this approach has yielded a rich harvest.     

Corporate Governance Reforms in the Post-1997 Asian Crisis: Is There Really a Convergence to the Anglo-American Model?

Abstract

Following the 1997-Asian crisis, a number of crisis-hit countries were committed to the rapid transformation of the corporate governance system to one that is modeled after the Anglo-American system. This, as the article argues, is based on a false premise, that what may have worked in the United States/United Kingdom can also be applied in East Asia. In this regard, the convergence at the firm level is seen to be more in “form” rather than in “substance”. This study assesses Singapore's corporate system in terms of its recognition of the merits of the Western model. It then details the corporate governance style of Temasek Holdings Limited (THL), a state- owned enterprise (SOE) in charge of monitoring government investments in companies. The choice of THL as a case study is based on the premise that THL operates very much like a private sector corporation. In addition, it has the ability to influence the standard of corporate governance of Singaporean SOEs. Because the SOEs are large players in their respective industries, the corporate governance of SOEs establish the standards and expectations for monitoring in non-SOEs. There are indications to suggest that the THL has taken into consideration certain aspects of corporate governance practices that may not necessarily be in line with those advocated by the Singapore government. The article argues that selective adaptation such as the style adopted in the THL more realistically portrays the corporate governance practices of East Asian corporations.     

Banking Regulation and Systemic Risk

The term Systemic Risk belongs to the standard rhetoric of economic policy discussions related to the banking industry. Besides the goal of protecting small depositors, control of systemic risk is given as one of the main arguments for banking regulation. Various recent financial crises have increasingly focused the regulatory debate on issues of systemic risk and financial stability. There is, however, no generally accepted definition of systemic risk and the effectiveness and the economic consequences of various instruments of banking regulation that are intended to attenuate it are still only partially understood both theoretically and empirically. In this paper, we make an attempt to discuss some of the issues raised in this debate by reviewing recent contributions to the academic literature.     

Trade-off between economic development and environmental governance in China: An analysis based on the effect of river chief system

The conflict between economic growth and environmental pollution has become a considerable bottleneck to China's future development. In the context of the promotion tournament, the Chinese Central Government incorporated the responsibility of water environment governance into the assessment and promotion system of local officials and implemented the river chief system (RCS). The RCS is an important measure to rebalance local economic development and environmental governance. However, two critical questions need to be addressed due to the path dependence of the “economic growth first” strategy and the complexity of cross-border watershed governance. Specifically, whether the RCS improved water environment as effectively as the economic responsibility system promoted economic growth, and whether local governments in China found a balance between economic development and environmental governance. This study aims to address these questions by investigating the policy impact of River Chief System (RCS). The results show that the RCS has heterogeneous effects on different pollutants, namely, an improvement in NpH value and NH₃-N but a deterioration in COD and DO. We found opposite conclusions when using provincial monitoring data in Jiangsu province, which provides empirical evidence of cosmetic pollution governance by local governments. Our conclusions imply that the implementation of the RCS is not as effective as the government claimed. Moreover, we did not observe the trade-off between economic development and environmental governance for local governments. Local economic development is still in preference to environmental governance. We recommend improving the mechanism of the long-term implementation and dynamic evaluation of the RCS, highlighting the independence of evaluation authorities, and introducing third-party evaluation and public supervision systems.