智慧专业化视角下区域资源集聚与区域创新驱动发展

传统发展动力逐渐式微，创新驱动成为区域经济发展的新引擎。走创新驱动发展道路，需要新的经济理论解释、构建并指导各区域经济增长方式和发展模式转型。智慧专业化是一种新兴经济理论，能够较好解释区域创新驱动发展的内在动力。智慧专业化有效支撑区域资源集聚与区域创新驱动发展相关性研究，从资源内存性和外向性、资源技术和经济属性以及资源支持程度3个方面，论述区域创新驱动发展的动力来源与动力持续性，进而解释区域创新驱动发展资源集聚对区域创新驱动发展绩效的影响。     

发达国家低碳经济发展战略走向及思考

全球气候变暖的趋势下,西方发达国家纷纷推出低碳经济发展战略与政策。这些政策措施主要表现为：改造传统高碳产业,加强低碳技术创新;积极发展可能源能源与新型清洁能源;应用市场机制与经济杠杆,促使企业减碳;加强国际范围内的减碳协作等。对我国发展低碳经济的启示是：必须尽快提出低碳经济战略,建立起低碳经济法律保障体系,加强低碳技术创新与制度创新,大力发展低碳产业群,激励企业从事低碳生产与经营等。     

面向科技创新中心建设的产业知识基础评析

产业知识基础发展现状评析是科技创新中心发展决策的重要依据。在对解析型、综合型、符号型3类产业知识基础进行分类辨析的基础上，分析了不同类型产业知识基础对科技创新中心的推进路径及其发展策略，并以北京科技创新中心为例，对北京产业知识基础进行分类测算和评析。研究结果显示：解析型知识基础与城市经济发展水平有较强关系，符号型知识基础与其它类型产业知识基础的相关性较弱，一般需要转型的城市相对来说综合型知识基础水平较高。相对于全国大多数城市，北京综合型、解析型和符号型3类知识基础均较强，1998-2014年呈现出逐渐上升态势，但仍需继续强化解析型知识基础和符号型知识基础产业。     

Start-ups as drivers of economic growth

The purpose of this study is to determine the relationships between the implementation of start-ups and the dynamics of the main characteristics of national economic growth. In developing the methodological design of the study, a quantitative approach was used, which allowed realizing the advantages of the integrated use of correlation and regression analysis, analysis of trend models and general scientific methods of knowledge to analyze the time series model and prove the following hypotheses on the example of the economies of Canada, China, and South Korea. Н1: An increase in the number of start-ups has a positive impact on the sustainable development of the social sphere. Н2: More start-ups have a positive impact on the sustainable development of the economy. Н3: More start-ups have a positive impact on the sustainable development of the green society; Н4: The increase in the number of start-ups has a positive effect on the development of the institutional sphere. The study results substantiate a strong direct correlation between the implementation of start-ups and the achievement of the UN SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals), with a link proven not only for economic, but also for social, environmental, and institutional SDGs, which increases the importance of start-ups for achieving sustainable development in territories.This study may be of interest to state and municipal officials in the implementation of measures to create a favorable startup ecosystem and to academic researchers, opening new avenues for future research.     

企业数字化转型对商业模式创新的影响

基于组织变革理论与知识基础观,引入知识管理与企业家导向变量,探讨企业数字化转型对商业模式创新的影响机制与情境效应。结果表明：①数字化转型对商业模式创新存在显著正向影响;②知识管理在数字化转型对商业模式创新的影响过程中发挥中介作用;③相比于低水平企业家导向,高水平企业家导向会强化数字化转型与知识管理的关系,弱化知识管理与商业模式创新的关系。     

An empirical study on FDI international knowledge spillovers and regional economic development in China

This article has constructed a framework to analyze the relationship between national innovation investments, international knowledge spillover due to FDI and regional technological progress. We use the panel data sample in 1992–2006 from China’s 29 provinces (municipalities or autonomous regions) to test the impact of China’s regional R&;D investments, international knowledge spillovers of FDI on its regional technological progress. It reveals that the local investments in science and technology are the most important factors to promote technological progress; for the structure and quality of China’s current FDI, the knowledge spillover effects from FDI, especially through the FDI enterprises’ manufacturing activities, are not obvious; the local gains in its technology development from FDI depends on its economic and technological level. Based on the above conclusions we give the corresponding policy recommendations for China’s FDI policy and regional economic development.     

主动迎接世界科技进步的挑战

人类在２０世纪实现了意义重大的制度创新,在发展生产力上取得了重大成就。特别是世纪末叶出现了影响深远的经济组织形式的变革和升级,即由工业经济开矿向知识经济形态的演变,从而使智力成为推动当代技术和经济进步的第一生产要素,面对世界政治、经济发展中的新情况,中国要迎接２１世纪的挑战,必须加快制度创新,促进科技进步。     

Distance to the pre-industrial technological frontier and economic development

This research explores the effects of distance to the pre-industrial technological frontiers on comparative economic development in the course of human history. It establishes theoretically and empirically that distance to the frontier had a persistent non-monotonic effect on a country’s pre-industrial economic development. In particular, advancing a novel measure of the travel time to the technological frontiers, the analysis establishes a robust persistent U-shaped relation between distance to the frontier and pre-industrial economic development across countries. Moreover, it demonstrates that countries, which throughout the last two millennia were relatively more distant from these frontiers, have higher contemporary levels of innovation and entrepreneurial activity, suggesting that distance from the frontier may have fostered the emergence of a culture conducive to innovation, knowledge creation, and entrepreneurship.     

Energy,knowledge and economic growth

It is argued that the explosive growth experienced in much of the World since the middle of the 19th Century is due to the exploitation and use of fossil fuels which, in turn, was made possible by capital good innovations that enabled this source of energy to be used effectively. Economic growth is viewed as the outcome autocatalytic co-evolution of energy use and the application of new knowledge associated with energy use. It is argued that models of economic growth should be built from innovation diffusion processes, unfolding in history, rather than from a timeless aggregate production function. A simple ‘evolutionary macroeconomic’ model of economic growth is developed and tested using almost two centuries of British data. The empirical findings strongly support the hypothesis that growth has been due to the presence of a ‘super-radical innovation diffusion process’ following the industrial deployment of fossil fuels on a large scale in the 19th Century. Also, the evidence suggests that large and sustained movements in energy prices have had a very significant long term role to play.     

促进企业基础研发能力提升的政府扶持模式选择——基于经济政策与社会政策的比对

国际贸易摩擦与中国经济发展“新常态”要求中国企业在基础研发方面尽快补齐短板，也要求政府在产业扶持中进一步加强对企业基础研发能力的关注。然而，现有研究尚未清晰地分析经济政策支持与社会政策支持影响企业基础创新能力提升的具体机理，也未明确解释政策扶持范围边界和可能产生的扶持越界。基于158家企业498份问卷数据，应用分层线性模型对研究假设进行检验。结果表明：社会政策支持深入程度对企业基础研发能力提升的影响呈倒U型，容易产生政府扶持越界行为；经济政策支持规范化对企业基础研发能力提升的影响呈倒U型，能明显减少政府扶持越界行为；两种模式各有利弊，二者共同使用必须建立在产业发展阶段、企业客观需要和市场有效参与的基础上。     

外商直接投资的知识溢出与中国区域经济增长

本文构建了包括国内知识资本、外商在华直接投资的知识溢出和地区技术进步的分析框架,通过中国29个省(直辖市、自治区)1992—2006年的面板数据检验了中国区域R&D投入、外商在华直接投资的知识溢出对地区技术进步的影响。研究表明:地区自身科技投入是推动地区技术进步的最主要因素;受中国目前引资结构和质量的影响,外商在华直接投资的知识溢出效应特别是通过FDI企业在当地从事生产活动带来的知识溢出效应并不明显;FDI渠道传递的外国R&D资本对技术进步的促进作用与当地的经济、科技发展水平有着密切关系。在上述结论的基础上,论文对中国FDI引资战略和区域经济发展提出了相应的政策建议。     

创业型企业跨界创新模式建构与实现路径

外部环境的不确定性会激发企业进行开放式创新,跨界创新作为开放式创新的一种形式,是小微创业企业实现跨越式发展的有效途径。基于跨界搜索视角,应用SPS案例研究法进行相关资料收集与分析,初步构建了小微创业企业跨界创新模式框架。通过跨界搜索知识、科学技术和社会关系,实现不同维度跨界战略与跨界能力组合式协同提升,是企业实现跨界创新的有效模式,也是小微创业企业不断创新的作用机制。     

培育经济发展新动能的技术、产业、政策机理研究

伴随着国际、国内经济形势发生深刻变化，我国经济过去主要依靠投资、劳动力、自然资源投入的粗放型发展模式已经难以为继，急需培育促进经济实现高质量发展的新动能。现有成果主要围绕技术基础、产业载体及政策制度等培育经济发展新动能的丰富内涵和多样化模式展开，针对内在机理的探讨较少。从新兴技术对产业结构优化起基础支撑作用、新兴产业载体释放经济新动能、市场与政府相结合的政策制度助力经济高质量发展三大维度论述基本原理，系统梳理新兴技术聚合迸发新动能、传统产业升级培育新动能以及政策制度创新生成新动能3种主要模式。最后，提出以推动技术引领发展、促进产业调整升级和出台政策“靶向支撑”为核心的“创新链-产业链-政策链”对策建议。     

The innovation and economic consequences of knowledge spillovers: fit between exploration and exploitation capabilities,knowledge attributes,and transfer mechanisms

The purpose of this study is to investigate the moderating roles of the attributes and transfer mechanisms of knowledge in the relationship between organisational capabilities and innovation and economic performance. Regression analysis on a sample of 120 Taiwanese firms was used to test our model. The findings suggest that the organisational capabilities of exploration and exploitation are positively related to innovation and economic performance. The effect of exploration on performance is positively moderated by tacit knowledge and adaptation knowledge transfer mechanisms. In contrast, exploitation is a stronger predictor of performance when organisations acquire well-defined knowledge and use replication knowledge transfer mechanisms.     

论高科技条件下的劳动价值创造与价值分配

高科技条件下创造价值的源泉仍然是劳动者的活劳动,其中,劳动者的知识创新活动是能够更有效地进行价值创造的活劳动,它在创造价值的活劳动中居于主体地位.因此,知识经济时代的价值分配应以劳动者的知识创新活动为中心,建立符合知识经济时代的价值分配导向体系.     

Knowledge transfer in an innovation simulation model

To understand the development of innovation processes in these knowledge-driven economies, one needs to focus on underlying processes of creating and sharing new knowledge. In this paper, an evolutionary simulation model is used to achieve some insights into these innovation processes. The model is based on the one hand on rules about market performance, investments and R&D strategies, and on the other hand on a model concerning knowledge creation (the ability of firms to create knowledge through intramural R&D efforts and the ability to discover and absorb new developments from basic academic research and competitors) and knowledge transfer based on an exponentionally expanding pool of (not necessarily new) knowledge of innovations in the own sector, but also from external sources. It is demonstrated that the imitative firm can be economically more successful but this strategy may prove to be superior only after a long time span.     

Evolutionary trajectories of the nanotechnology research across worldwide economic players

The purpose of this paper is to analyse, by concentration measures and metrics of heterogeneity, the evolutionary trajectories of scientific output in nanotechnology research across worldwide economic players. The results show that the concentration in nanotechnology research has been reducing over time and space. In particular, the pattern of nanotechnology research has been spreading among different scientific domains and pathways, generating new technological paradigms mainly in chemistry, medicine and engineering research fields. This scientific analysis is important in order to explore the current knowledge growth and technological trajectories in nanotechnology research that may support future patterns of technological innovation.     

Boundaries innovation through knowledge convergence-developing triad strategic communities

This paper discusses the process of implementing a micro innovation strategy for the development of the company’s mainstay business at present (incremental innovation) and a future growth strategy (radical innovation) in an age when there are dramatic changes in the environment and the future is hard to predict from the perspective of boundaries innovation that the company should implement based on the creation of boundaries knowledge and convergence knowledge. To implement knowledge convergence processes, outstanding companies dynamically establish various project teams and diverse mixed teams, which are strategic communities, as well as network organisations that integrate these teams and continually generate new boundaries innovation. The paper presents a theoretical framework, a detailed case study, and new insights regarding combination of exploration and exploitation through triadic strategic community formations for boundaries innovation strategies where dynamic strategic communities that overcome and transcend various boundaries create boundaries knowledge from various different types of knowledge and dynamically converge these different types of knowledge to create new convergence knowledge (such as the development of new products and services and the development of new business models, etc.).     

Regional social capital: Embeddedness, innovation networks and regional economic development

Technology is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for regional economic development. Regional innovation networks transform technology into competitiveness of firms and thus contribute to economic development. Intangible assets, such as social capital, decide how effective regional innovation networks function. Differences in regional social capital thus help explain regional differences in economic development. Regional social capital originates from the embeddedness of firms in regional webs of social relations. The norms, values and customs of these networks facilitate collaboration for mutual benefit. As innovation is increasingly a network effort, embeddedness and social capital also help explain how and why networks of innovating companies are successful, as the case study of the Stimulus Cluster Scheme shows.     

知识型员工越轨创新行为触发机制研究

越轨创新对员工个体价值实现和企业创新活动具有重要意义，受到学界广泛关注。如何在复杂的工作环境中触发员工越轨创新，亟待学界给出建设性意见。基于工作特征理论和期望价值理论，构建一个总效应调节模型，旨在解释感知工作复杂性对知识型员工越轨创新的影响效果、内在机制和情境约束条件。运用受约束的非线性模型对318份员工问卷数据进行分析，实证检验结果显示：感知工作复杂性对知识型员工越轨创新存在正向影响作用，自我反思在工作复杂性与越轨创新的关系中发挥部分中介作用，自我创新期待在工作复杂性对知识型员工越轨创新的整个影响过程中发挥调节作用。