地区异质性、房价调控与区域货币政策效果

房产市场是典型的区域市场,市场参与者对货币政策反应的敏感度因地区而异。文章基于最优货币区理论,以2010-2017年30个省市直辖市的面板数据为分析对象,采用两步SYS-GMM(系统广义距估计)方法,具体考察我国货币政策对各地区房价波动区域异质和时间滞后性的影响大小。实证结果表明:货币政策对全国住房价格的调控具有时间差异,滞后期数量型政策和预期价格型政策会显著影响当期房价;由于各区域经济发展程度的差异,货币政策对房价调控较为显著存在明显的区域差异效果,其中二线城市的调控作用最为明显。因此,我国应根据各区域经济结构特点加强与完善适度差异化的区域金融调整政策的同时,着力完善二、三线城市金融体系,提高其金融环境。     

货币政策因素对房价影响的实证分析

新世纪以来,我国房地产业发展迅猛,已经成为我国国民经济的重要支柱.然而房价的不断上涨引起了社会的极大关注,同时也引起了学术界探讨房价畸高原因的热潮.文章在理论分析的基础上,进一步运用向量误差修正模型(VECM)实证检验货币政策对房价波动的影响.实证结果表明,货币政策对房价的影响作用比较显著.因此文章认为在调控房价时,除了必要的行政手段,更应重视货币政策的运用.     

美国宏观经济调控的新动向

在美国,旨在稳定经济的宏观调控政策主要是财政政策和货币政策.换言之,政府克服经济衰退或抑制通货膨胀的主要方法,是通过货币杠杆和财政杠杆来影响总需求的增长.近年来,随着宏观经济政策理论的发展和人们对宏观调控认识的深化,美国的宏观经济调控出现了一些新的变化.     

财政政策和货币政策效果分析及实施建议

财政政策和货币政策对宏观经济的调节作用是显而易见的。正确、适时、适度地运用好财政和货币政策,是一国政府对宏观经济调控能力的重要体现。本文通过对财政和货币政策的效果分析,提出一些增强政策效果的建议。     

财政分权、利率政策与住宅价格

近年来,面对不断增长的房价,中央政府制订了多项政策以期能抑制房价过快上涨,但是收效不佳。对此,本文将利率与财政分权同时纳入分析,建立了一般均衡模型,并选取了35个大中城市的面板数据进行实证检验,结果表明:利率对房价的调控作用只是暂时的,提高利率只能抑制当前房价,但是未来房价仍然会大幅上涨,并且财政分权情况下,利率的这种暂时抑制房价上涨的作用有所减弱,而财政分权程度越高,越是有助于房价的高企。     

地价与房价的因果关系——基于武汉市的实证研究

研究目的——探讨地价与房价的因果关系。研究方法——实证研究法和计量经济学方法。研究结果——在中短期,地价是一个相对独立的变动过程,不受房价的影响,而房价却受到地价的显著影响;从长期来看,房价对地价的影响开始增强,但总不及地价对房价的影响,地价一直占主导地位。研究结论——在调控房价时,应先稳定地价。房地产价格调控需要从四个方面着手：一是革除地方政府对土地财政的依赖;二是调整土地政策,增加土地供应量;三是加大保障性住房建设力度;四是打击房地产投机。     

地价与房价的因果关系——基于武汉市的实证研究

研究目的——探讨地价与房价的因果关系。研究方法——实证研究法和计量经济学方法。研究结果——在中短期,地价是一个相对独立的变动过程,不受房价的影响,而房价却受到地价的显著影响;从长期来看,房价对地价的影响开始增强,但总不及地价对房价的影响,地价一直占主导地位。研究结论——在调控房价时,应先稳定地价。房地产价格调控需要从四个方面着手:一是革除地方政府对土地财政的依赖;二是调整土地政策,增加土地供应量;三是加大保障性住房建设力度;四是打击房地产投机。     

从居民层面看我国货币政策利率传导的制约因素

1997年以来，我国货币当局采取了以频繁运用利率杠杆为显著特点的货币政策，以达到拉动国内有效需求的目的。本文拟运用实证分析方法，针对我国货币政策在居民层面的传导效果，分析影响政策效果的制约因素，并在此基础上提出完善我国利率传导机制的措施。     

我国房价波动对货币政策有效性的影响研究——基于面板VAR模型的实证分析

文章采用2000年~2010年的31个省级面板数据,建立面板VAR模型,从价格效应和产出效应两个维度,实证研究房价波动对我国货币政策有效性的影响。结果表明,货币政策的价格效应显著且有约1年半时滞,而产出效应不显著;房价波动对货币供给量影响不显著;无论是短期还是长期内,房价波动对通货膨胀和经济增长均无显著影响。因此,我国央行不仅要充分考虑货币政策传导的滞后性,提高货币政策的前瞻性;同时要将房价、房价投资及销售等房地产市场数据纳入调控货币供给量的参照指标中。     

预期对我国住房市场政策调控效果影响的实证分析

预期对房地产行业调控政策的实施效果有着重要的作用。一般来说,从形成机制可以把预期分为静态预期、外推型预期、适应性预期和理性预期,而我国的房地产市场因其特殊性,是介于适应性预期与理性预期之间的准理性预期。通过建立住房价格调控模型并进行实证分析后,可以发现准理性预期是一种效果较好且与实际更相符的预期;预期是影响房价的最主要因素,而预期对于房价的放大效应和预期的不稳定性又使得政策调控增加了一定的难度;房价基本上与预期成正比关系。     

浅析影响房地产价格的三大政策因素

文章在根据近年房地产市场迅速发展的基础上,对房地产价格的影响较大的土地政策、金融政策和财税政策等三大宏观调控政策进行了深入的分析。     

Infrastructure provision and macroeconomic performance

This paper studies the differences between private and government provision of infrastructure. Capital utilization decisions and their differential role in determining market prices for capital goods under the two regimes of infrastructure provision serve as a critical transmission mechanism for fiscal policy. A subsidy to private providers of infrastructure is preferable to direct government provision irrespective of how the subsidy or expenditure is financed. The case for private provision is much stronger in economies characterized by high levels of congestion. The choice between private and government provision also has a crucial effect on the design of optimal fiscal policy.     

Reprint to: Infrastructure provision and macroeconomic performance

This paper studies the differences between private and government provision of infrastructure. Capital utilization decisions and their differential role in determining market prices for capital goods under the two regimes of infrastructure provision serve as a critical transmission mechanism for fiscal policy. A subsidy to private providers of infrastructure is preferable to direct government provision irrespective of how the subsidy or expenditure is financed. The case for private provision is much stronger in economies characterized by high levels of congestion. The choice between private and government provision also has a crucial effect on the design of optimal fiscal policy.     

货币政策和财政政策、市场情绪与大类资产收益——基于隐性知识传播视角的解读

以货币政策和财政政策为主的宏观经济政策松紧程度不仅对大类资产收益产生直接效应,还会通过市场情绪对大类资产收益产生间接效应。通过构建基于隐性知识传播的概念模型,探究了宏观经济政策、市场情绪和大类资产收益之间的内在逻辑关系,并提出三个研究假说：宏观经济政策紧缩程度的提高会降低大类资产收益;宏观经济政策紧缩程度的提高会促进市场情绪高涨;宏观经济政策紧缩程度的提高会通过市场情绪高涨,进一步降低大类资产收益。在采用多种计量检验方法并进行稳健性检验后,检验结果都能很好地验证所提出的三个研究假说,研究结论能为我国政府制定相关宏观经济政策提供决策参考。     

Monetary policy transmission in a model with animal spirits and house price booms and busts

Can monetary policy trigger pronounced boom-bust cycles in house prices and create persistent business cycles? We address this question by building heuristics into an otherwise standard DSGE model. As a result, monetary policy sets off waves of optimism and pessimism (“animal spirits”) that drive house prices, that, in turn, have strong repercussions on the business cycle. We compare our findings to a standard model with rational expectations by means of impulse responses. We suggest that a standard Taylor rule is not well-suited to maintain macroeconomic stability. Instead, an augmented rule that incorporates house prices is shown to be superior.     

Impacts of Monetary, Fiscal and Exchange Rate Policies on Output in China: A Var Approach

Applying the VAR model and using the interest rate as a monetary policy variable, we find that in the long run, output in China responds negatively to a shock to the interest rate, the real exchange rate, government debt, or the inflation rate, and it reacts positively to a shock to government deficits or lagged own output. When real M2 is chosen as a monetary policy variable, long-term output in China responds positively to a shock to real M2 or lagged own output, and it reacts negatively to a shock to the real exchange rate, government debt, or government deficits. Its response to a shock to the inflation rate is negative when government debt is used and is positive when government deficits are considered. In the short run, fiscal policy is more important than monetary policy in three out of four cases. In the long run, monetary policy is more influential than fiscal policy in three out of four cases. Therefore, the government may consider conducting monetary and fiscal policies differently in the short run and long run. The government needs to be cautious in pursuing deficit spending as its long-term impacts depend on the monetary variable employed. The policy of maintaining a relatively stable exchange rate is appropriate as the depreciation of the Yuan may hurt the economy in the short run.JEL Classifications: E5, F4, H6     

Monetary and fiscal policy under deep habits

Allowing habits to be formed at the level of individual goods – deep habits - can radically alter the fiscal policy transmission mechanism as the counter-cyclicality of mark-ups this implies can result in government spending crowding-in rather than crowding-out private consumption in the short run. We explore the robustness of this mechanism to the existence of price discrimination in the supply of goods to the public and private sectors. We then describe optimal monetary and fiscal policy in our New Keynesian economy subject to the additional externality of deep habits and explore the ability of simple policy rules to mimic fully optimal policy. We find that the presence of deep habits at empirically estimated levels can imply large externalities that significantly affect the conduct of monetary and tax policy. However, despite the rise in government spending multipliers implied by deep habits, government spending is barely used as a stabilisation tool under the optimal policy.     

Dealing with a liquidity trap when government debt matters: Optimal time-consistent monetary and fiscal policy

How does the need to preserve government debt sustainability affect the optimal monetary and fiscal policy response to a liquidity trap? To provide an answer, we employ a small stochastic New Keynesian model with a zero bound on nominal interest rates and characterize optimal time-consistent stabilization policies. We focus on two policy tools, the short-term nominal interest rate and debt-financed government spending. The optimal policy response to a liquidity trap critically depends on the prevailing debt burden. While the optimal amount of government spending is decreasing in the level of outstanding government debt, future monetary policy is becoming more accommodative, triggering a change in private sector expectations that helps to dampen the fall in output and inflation at the outset of the liquidity trap.     

凯恩斯假设下AD-AS模型的比较静态分析

在凯恩斯假设下的AD-AS模型是一个静态分析模型,文章在假设下,讨论了财政政策和货币政策对产出和价格、利率和投资的影响,分析结果表明:财政政策和货币政策对产出水平和劳动力市场的失业率具有直接的影响,结果同的假设下的分析结果相同,不过变动幅度同以上不同。     

Fiscal and monetary policies in complex evolving economies

What is the most appropriate combination of fiscal and monetary policies in economies subject to banking crises and deep recessions? We study this issue using an agent-based model that is able to reproduce a wide array of macro- and micro-empirical regularities. Simulation results suggest that policy mixes associating unconstrained, counter-cyclical fiscal policy and monetary policy targeting employment is required to stabilise the economy. We also show that “discipline-guided” fiscal rules can be self-defeating, as they depress the economy without improving public finances. Finally, we find that the effects of monetary and fiscal policies become sharper as the level of income inequality increases.