中国核心通胀率与产出缺口经验分析

利用新菲利普斯曲线,本文设定包含通胀与产出的非观测成分模型估计中国的核心通胀率与产出缺口。通过卡尔曼滤波平滑推断程序,季度通胀和产出均被分解为互相独立的趋势成分和周期成分。估计结果表明,二十年来我国的潜在产出变化相对于传统HP滤波结果更为平滑,其近似呈线性增长。这意味着我国产出特征可通过简洁的趋势平稳过程来描述,而Nelson and Plosser(1982)以来普遍采用的单位根过程未必是刻画我国产出的最优模型。核心通胀率推断还表明,1998-2002年间的通货紧缩并非如物价指数下降表现的一样严重。     

中国核心通胀率与产出缺口经验分析

利用新菲利普斯曲线，本文设定包含通胀与产出的非观测成分模型估计中国的核心通胀率与产出缺口。通过卡尔曼滤波平滑推断程序，季度通胀和产出均被分解为互相独立的趋势成分和周期成分。估计结果表明，二十年来我国的潜在产出变化相对于传统HP滤波结果更为平滑，其近似呈线性增长。这意味着我国产出特征可通过简洁的趋势平稳过程来描述，而Nelsonand Plosser（1982）以来普遍采用的单位根过程未必是刻画我国产出的最优模型。核心通胀率推断还表明，1998--2002年间的通货紧缩并非如物价指数下降表现的一样严重。     

菲利普斯曲线在中国经济中的实证研究--基于产出缺口的分析

文章着重检验了我国经济中的基于产出缺口的菲利普斯曲线的存在性.文章首先将实际产出分解成不可观测趋势成分和周期成分,设定它们服从一个简单的向量自回归过程,再运用卡尔曼滤波技术估计出我国1952～2002年的实际产出,从而得到产出缺口的估计值.然后以产出缺口和通货膨胀率的滞后值作为解释变量对通货膨胀率进行回归,发现在我国菲利普斯曲线在长期内是不成立的.     

我国通胀动态的结构计量经济分析——基于Gibbs抽样算法的研究

本文在结构凯恩斯菲利普斯曲线框架内研究我国通胀动态行为,首先运用Gibbs抽样算法估计我国产出缺口,最后运用广义经验似然方法实施有限样本下的稳健结构经济计量分析。研究揭示我国通胀动态具有混合预期和非粘性的特征。基于此,本文提出降低宏观层面的通胀预期和提高货币政策执行力及透明度的政策建议。     

我国新凯恩斯菲利普斯曲线的经验研究——基于混合学习预期的视角

本文基于1991—2020年的季度数据，通过构建适应性学习预期的状态空间模型，采用卡尔曼滤波算法对我国学习型预期进行了测度，并将适应性学习预期、高阶滞后适应性预期、理性预期和混合预期分别代入新凯恩斯菲利普斯曲线进行经验研究，进而分析我国新凯恩斯菲利普斯曲线的混合学习预期特征。研究结果表明：首先，我国适应性学习预期并非完全理性预期，而是一种近理性预期，具有近理性特征。其次，我国新凯恩斯菲利普斯曲线具有高阶滞后适应性预期与适应性学习预期的混合学习预期特征，同时高阶滞后预期对通胀率的影响表现为逆向的通胀惯性。最后，适应性学习预期特征要强于高阶滞后适应性预期特征，即相比于高阶滞后适应性预期，适应性学习预期可以更好地反映我国通胀预期形成机制，但适应性学习预期相对于高阶滞后适应性预期的强度受通胀率衡量指标的影响。     

菲利普斯曲线非线性特征考察:来自失业率及通胀率等国际面板数据

通过利用OECD国家1971~2007年期间的失业率、通胀率等国际面板数据考察菲利普斯曲线的非线性特征。表明,菲利普斯曲线不是简单的线性关系,而是存在明显的非线性特征。面板门限模型和平滑转换模型的结论显示,通胀率与失业率的关系随着通胀率的变化而变化,在高通胀状态,二者的替代关系非常明显,而在低通胀状态,二者的替代关系则明显减弱甚至消失。     

媒体报道、通胀预期与新凯恩斯菲利普斯曲线

本文研究媒体报道对通胀预期的影响以及预期对现实通货膨胀的驱动效应。文章根据发行量排名、影响力和覆盖范围选取媒体库并计算相关媒体报道的量化指标,通过调查数据获得现实中公众对未来的通胀预期,进而检验媒体报道是否对公众预期通胀率具有显著影响。文章还进一步构建了基于微观基础的新凯恩斯菲利普斯曲线模型,用以考察通胀预期对现实通胀率的驱动效应。研究结果表明,中国的媒体舆论显著驱动公众预期,媒体舆论对公众预期变化的解释程度接近30%;单份报刊每增加1篇关于物价上涨的相关报道,公众预期通胀率会上升0.1%～0.2%;同时,公众预期又对现实通胀率具有显著驱动效应,公众预期通胀率每上升1%,现实通胀率上升0.3%～0.7%。因此,我国存在着从媒体报道到公众预期再到现实通货膨胀的传导机制。     

基于“三角”菲利普斯曲线模型的通胀成因分析——以湖北省为例

依托"三角"菲利普斯曲线模型和通货膨胀成因理论,采用以通胀惯性、需求因素和供给因素为基础的修正的"三角"菲利普斯曲线模型,具体分析湖北省1994—2011年通货膨胀现象。结果显示,湖北省通货膨胀现象的出现是以需求因素为主导,且需求因素、供给因素及通胀惯性三者共同作用的结果。相比于产出缺口,产出增长率差额能更好地从需求角度解释湖北省通货膨胀现象。     

警惕通货膨胀转向通货紧缩——基于产出缺口型菲利普斯曲线的中国实证研究

检验中国近期产出缺口型菲利普斯曲线的存在性,首先用HP滤波法估计出产出缺口,并对数据进行ADF检验。通过理论分析建立自回归分布滞后模型,并对模型的残差序列进行BG检验（Breusch—Godfrey Test）。实证检验的结果表明：产出缺口与通货膨胀率正相关,剔除农业收成影响因素,中国产出缺口每变动1个百分点,通货膨胀率同向变动1．90个百分点,在国内外经济继续向下调整的形势下,2009年有出现通货紧缩的风险。     

我国通货膨胀影响因素的实证分析——基于预期和产出缺口菲利普斯曲线模型

基于预期以及产出缺口模型的菲利普斯曲线的实证分析,得出影响通货膨胀的主要因素,并由此得出主要结论,认为菲利普斯曲线在中国还是存在的,只是在一些体制方面与西方国家有差别,不是很明显;产出缺口在统计上显著影响我国的通货膨胀率。针对以上结论,提出了相应的政策建议。     

Output gap measurement and the New Keynesian Phillips curve for China

The New Keynesian Phillips curve implies that the output gap, the deviation of the actual output from its natural level due to nominal rigidities, drives the dynamics of inflation relative to expected inflation and lagged inflation. This paper exploits the empirical success of the New Keynesian Phillips curve in explaining China's inflation dynamics with a new measure of the output gap. We estimate the output gap using the Bayesian multivariate Beveridge–Nelson decomposition method, based on a multivariate dynamic model featuring distinct interactions among inflation, money, and real output in China. The empirical results using quarterly data spanning 1979–2010 show that the new measure of the output gap outperforms the traditional measures in fitting the New Keynesian Phillips curve. This result provides useful insights for inflation dynamics and monetary policy analysis in China.     

MONEY AND INFLATION IN INDIA: EVIDENCE FROM P‐STAR MODEL

This study uses P‐star model to examine the role of money in explaining inflation in India. In particular, we compare the performance of traditional Phillips curve approach against P‐star model in forecasting inflation. Moreover, the study estimates P‐star model using the alternative measures of money such as simple sum and Divisia M3, to examine the relevance of aggregation theoretic monetary aggregates in explaining inflation. The empirical results indicate that P‐star model with real money gap has an edge over traditional Phillips curve approach in forecasting inflation. More importantly, we found that the P‐star model estimated with Divisia real money gap performs better than its simple sum counterpart. These empirical findings suggest that the changes in real money gap play a crucial role in explaining inflation in India.     

Measuring the output gap in Switzerland with linear opinion pools

We use the recently proposed linear opinion pool methodology of Garratt et al. (2014) to construct real-time output gap estimates for Switzerland over the out-of-sample period from 2003:Q1 to 2015:Q4. The model space consists of a large number of bivariate VAR specifications for the output gap and inflation, with each VAR specification using a different estimate of the output gap, lag order, and structural break information. We find that the linear opinion pool performs rather poorly. Real-time estimates of the output gap are no more accurate than those from some simple benchmark models, no more robust to ex post revisions than the real-time estimates of the individual univariate output gaps, and do not produce more accurate forecasts of inflation. The key driver of ‘good’ forecast performance is structural break information. Once the same structural break information is conditioned upon in all prediction models, the gain from averaging over many different pools of models that utilize various output gap estimates or lag structures in the VAR specification is of negligible magnitude.     

产出缺口与中国地区通货膨胀

借鉴开放经济条件下新凯恩斯混合菲利普斯曲线,采用中国省际面板数据,构建一个包含本地区产出缺口、国内其他地区产出缺口和国外产出缺口的三缺口通货膨胀模型,实证分析产出缺口对中国地区通货膨胀的影响,同时分东部和中西部考察区域差异。实证研究结论表明,国内外产出缺口显著影响我国地区通货膨胀。较之中西部地区更多受到国内产出缺口的影响,东部地区则更多受到国外产出缺口的冲击。而且,国内地区间的通货膨胀压力传导在东部地区较中西部更明显。另外,政府的反需求管理措施存在时滞,且政策调控主要降低了本地区产出缺口形成的通货膨胀压力。     

The optimal neglect of inflation: An alternative interpretation of UK monetary policy during the “Great Moderation”

This paper argues that UK monetary policymakers did not respond to the inflation rate during most of the “Great Moderation” that ran from the early 1990s to the mid-2000s. We derive a generalisation of the New Keynesian Phillips curve in which inflation is a non-linear function of the output gap and show that the optimal response of the policy rule to inflation depends on the slope of the Phillips curve; if this is flat, manipulation of aggregate demand through monetary policy does not affect inflation and so policymakers cannot affect inflation. We estimate the monetary policy rules implied by a variety of alternative Phillips curves; our preferred model is based on a Phillips curve that is flat when output is close to equilibrium. We find that policy rates do not respond to inflation when the output gap is small, a situation that characterised most of the “Great Moderation” period.     

Globalization and inflation: A threshold investigation

We use a threshold methodology to investigate the importance of non-linear effects in the analysis of the inflation globalization hypothesis. Accounting for potential non-linearities in the Phillips Curve, we show that trade openness is not rejected as a threshold variable for the effects of domestic and foreign slack on inflation in many advanced economies, and we find a switch of the output gap slopes from one regime to the other that is consistent with the key predictions of the inflation globalization hypothesis. For some countries the threshold Phillips Curve model also leads to improvements in out-of-sample forecast over the linear Phillips models, especially at longer horizons. Contrary to most of the previous literature which ignores such non-linearities, our new approach provides some interesting empirical evidence supportive of the effect globalization has on a country’s inflation dynamics.     

An empirical investigation of US fiscal expenditures and macroeconomic outcomes

In addition to containing stable information to explain inflation, state-local expenditures also have a larger share of the forecast error variance of US inflation than the federal funds rate. Non-defense federal expenditures are useful in predicting real output variations and, starting from the early 1980s, also present a larger share of the forecast error variance of US real output than the federal funds rate.     

政策可信性变动对菲利普斯曲线稳定性的影响——来自中国的经验证据

文章以1994年前后的价格冲击下人民银行将适应性政策转变为非适应性政策这一事件为背景,考察了公众对政策可信性的变动及其对通胀预期形成方式和菲利普斯曲线稳定性的影响。我们首先在理性预期假定下设定引入政策可信性变量的菲利普斯曲线模型。通过对"产出-物价"曲线的判断,SVAR模型中通胀冲击下通胀和产出缺口的响应函数以及菲利普斯曲线模型的递归最小二乘法检验,得出我国公众对政策的可信性增加,进而导致其通胀预期形成方式中的前向参照政策信息的成分增加,菲利普斯曲线发生改变。这就意味着,如果人民银行试图维持通胀预期形成方式和菲利普斯曲线的稳定,就应该保证政策可信性具有稳定性,而且,从长期实现价格稳定目标的角度来看,人民银行还应不断提高这一政策的可信性。     

Measures of underlying inflation in the euro area: assessment and role for informing monetary policy

The paper evaluates the 24-month-ahead inflation forecasting performance of various indicators of underlying inflation and structural models. Measures derived using the generalized dynamic factor model (GDFM) overperform other measures over the monetary policy horizon and are leading indicators of headline inflation. Trimmed means, although weaker than GDFM indicators, have good forecasting performance, while indicators by permanent exclusion underperform but provide useful information about short-term dynamics. The forecasting performance of theoretically-founded models that relate monetary aggregates, the output gap, and inflation improves with the time horizon but generally falls short of that of the GDFM. A composite measure of underlying inflation, derived by averaging the statistical indicators and the model-based estimates, improves forecast accuracy by eliminating bias and offers valuable insight about the distribution of risks.     

The New Keynesian Phillips curve and the role of expectations: Evidence from the CESifo World Economic Survey

We provide evidence on the fit of the hybrid New Keynesian Phillips curve for selected Euro zone countries, the US and the UK. Instead of imposing rational expectations and estimating the Phillips curve by the Generalized Method of Moments, we use direct measures of inflation expectations from the CESifo World Economic Survey. Our main findings are as follows: (i) The use of survey data gives empirical results, which are more reliable than those obtained from the GMM approach. (ii) The purely forward-looking Phillips curve can be rejected in favor of the hybrid New Keynesian Phillips curve. (iii) The estimated coefficients on past inflation are higher when using survey expectations than when using the rational expectations GMM approach. (iv) It remains unclear whether real unit labor costs or a measure of the output gap should be used as a proxy for real marginal costs. (v) Theory-based restrictions lead to an improvement of the empirical results.