财政转移支付与预算软约束

我国与分税制财政体制相配套的财政转移支付制度是在1994年后逐步建立起来的,经过十几年的发展,财政转移支付规模逐渐增大,在关注财政转移支付均等化功能的同时,不应忽视财政转移支付可能带来的预算软约束问题。财政转移支付不是一定带来预算软约束,但通常地方政府对中央政府的期望会引致预算软约束。纵向财政失衡、政治和改革等影响因素的作用、政府责任重叠、均等化标准模糊以及财政转移支付的可协商性与随意性,客观上增加了地方政府的期望,为预算软约束提供了条件。     

中国地方政府债务风险的预算管理与分权体制完善

1994年的分税制改革后，地方政府财政收入与财政支出缺口放大，现行分权体制下地方政府财政收入与财政支出不对等，地方政府财政支出缺乏约束，债务风险逐渐积累扩大。完善的分权体制应充分平衡中央和地方两个层次的财政汲取能力，实现中国地方政府债务风险的中长期管理与控制，在预算视角下完善现有分权体制。     

财政分权与地方高等教育投入失衡分析

正一、财政分权概述(一)财政分权的理论财政分权是指中央政府给予地方政府一定的税收权和支出责任范围,允许地方政府自主决定其预算支出的规模和结构。财政分权的核心是地方政府在执行经济计划和预算、管理本地区经济文化建设等方面拥有一定的自主权。财政分     

预算约束视角下的地方政府债务问题研究

本文通过分析政府债务在不满足债务跨期预算约束时的影响因素,并利用31个省份2010—2018年的面板数据,实证分析预算软约束与地方政府债务之间的关系.结果表明,地方政府财政努力水平的降低会提高债务率水平.通过财政努力水平的降低提高了地方政府对于财政转移支付的依赖,进而导致政府在较低的财政收入水平下形成了相对较大规模的债务,最终提高了债务率、增加了债务风险.并且分地区看,这种预算软约束对于债务的影响主要表现在财政能力较差的西部地区.     

挣值法在陕西财政支出预算控制中的应用

本文采用理论与实证相结合的方法,利用挣值法对陕西省财政支出预算进行过程控制管理,并对2007年陕西省财政预决算进行实证分析,认为挣值法可以对陕西省财政支出预算执行中的各个关键点进行有效控制,解决财政支出预算执行中的软约束问题。     

软预算约束下的国有商业银行改革

本文利用软预算约束的理论框架,分析了银行领域的软预算约束形成原理和表现,并进一步具体讨论近年来我国政府对国有商业银行相关政策中的软预算约束含义。然后建议中国国有商业银行改革应注重法治建设和所有权结构改革,才能妥善解决软预算约束问题。     

地方政府债务的形成机制及对策

近年来,我国一些地方政府债务规模不断增长,且存量规模大、结构复杂,具有不可忽视的潜在风险。新一轮以减税降费为主要特征的积极财政政策,有可能给地方财政带来更大压力和挑战。财政分权、预算软约束、经济绩效晋升激励、政府担保和金融市场效率,是一些地方政府债务形成的理论机制;道德风险是地方政府性债务形成机制的本质。建议深化财政体制改革,合理划分中央和地方事权与支出责任,建立以一般性转移支付为主体的转移支付结构,建立财政转移支付的有效监督机制,"堵旁门""开正门",加快推进地方政府性债务管理制度建设。     

财政分权与环境污染的国际经验及启示

院改革开放后的财政分权改革对中国经济持续高速增长发挥了重要作用,但是财政分权体制带来的激励扭曲,也加剧了环境污染.基于此,文章从财政支出、产业结构以及转移支付等三个角度出发,梳理了国外财政分权与环境污染的内在联系与作用机制,对财政分权下环境公共产品支出不足、环境规制约束降低以及转移支付不完善等问题进行了充分阐述.在借鉴国外环境污染经验教训基础上,对我国财政分权下的环境污染问题提出优化建议.     

越南预算分配体制变迁研究

越南在“革新开放”后一直在探索适应市场经济的预算分配体制,在财政联邦主义的影响下,其预算分配体制改革主要围绕着划分和协调中央与地方间的事权和财权,完善财政转移支付体系等展开。预算分配体制也经历了从集权到分权,再由分权走向集权的过程,本文对此进行了研究。     

加强财政对基本建设财务管理的几点思考

近几年来，财政在基本建设财务管理中虽然取得一些明显效果，但从目前基本建设管理工作实际运行情况看，由于思想认识、业务素质及管理体制等方面的原因，财政投资领域还存在着资金使用分散、投资结构不合理、投资效益不高、预算约束不强硬等问题，应引起我们的高度重视。 　　一、深化投资体系改革，积极推进基本建设财政财务管理体系建设。一是要建立基本建设支出预算管理体系，根据《预算法》，《预算法实施条例》和其它有关财政法规规定，强化预算的约束作用，硬化基本建设支出预算管理，做到分配基本建设资金，审核基本建设工程预算，…     

我国经济转轨期软预算约束与通货膨胀分析

本文采用我国1989～2009年经济转轨时期的数据,对联立方程模型参数进行了重新估计,估计结果显示预算软约束依然是通货膨胀产生的原因之一,但是转轨时期软预算约束正逐步向硬约束转变,这个转变对社会消费尤其是居民消费产生很大影响。然后对2009年以来的通货膨胀问题与软预算约束以及结构扭曲之间的关系进行了研究,研究发现这一轮的物价上涨与经济结构严重失衡有密切的关系,并且预算软约束的存在使财政赤字和国债负担扩大,给经济运行带来了隐患和风险。     

CORPORATE CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND HOW SOFT BUDGET CONSTRAINTS MAY AFFECT IT

Abstract.  This survey paper examines existing theories of capital structure and related empirical tests with the aim to derive theoretical as well empirically testable predictions about the implications of the soft budget constraint for corporate capital structure. We show that the soft budget constraint syndrome is relevant for a variety of institutional environments, from central planning to capitalist economic systems, and consider features of company financing patterns in various institutional contexts. Special attention is paid to emerging and transition economies where, with the development of financial markets, companies reduce their financial dependence on the state and begin to borrow from a variety of sources. However, due to the persistence of soft budget constraints, corporate capital structure in transition and emerging economies may still deviate significantly from the capital structure of companies operating under hard budget constraints.     

Stability or restructuring? Macroeconomic dynamics under soft budget constraint problems

In this paper, we examine how a decrease in firms’ productivity or the degree of financial market imperfection affects macroeconomic dynamics when the bank has an incentive to misallocate its credit. We develop a model that incorporates a soft budget constraint into a simplified version of Kiyotaki and Moore (1997) environment and show that soft budget constraint problems may arise if the economy becomes less productive or the financial market is less developed. Because of this shift in firms’ productivity, not only do more bad projects survive, but profitable new entrants are crowded out, so that, as in transition economies and Japan in the 1990s, the recession is not only prolonged, but also becomes more severe in the long term.     

政府质量、预算软约束与政府会计准则制度执行效果——基于预算执行审计和财政透明度的双重视角

不同地方政府质量对政府会计准则制度执行效果的影响不同。基于2009—2017年中国31个省、自治区、直辖市的地区数据实证分析发现：地方政府质量对政府会计准则制度执行效果具有显著的正向影响。但是在预算软约束作用下，这种正向影响发生了逆向改变，即预算软约束对地方政府质量与政府会计准则制度执行效果的关系起到了反向调节作用。进一步研究发现：由于东、中、西部地区的发展差异以及中央政策的地区性差异，东部和西部的政府质量对政府会计准则制度执行效果的影响要高于中部地区；随着东、中、西部省份发展程度由强变弱，预算软约束对政府质量与政府会计准则制度执行效果关系的负向调节作用也逐渐减弱。     

Soft budgets and hard rents: a note on Kornai and Gomulka

This note shows how Kornai's concept of the soft budget constraint can be decomposed into separate elements of technical inefficiency and relative price distortion. The distinction between r-budget softness and m-budget softness introduced by Gomulka is shown to correspond to the equivalent and compensating variation measures of efficiency loss. It is also argued that budget softness should be viewed as the outcome of a rent-seeking process in which a firm's action in the control sphere incurs an opportunity cost in the real sphere. Adopting such a perspective leads to a re-definition of the resource loss associated with budget softness and results in much higher estimates of the social costs of soft budgets than those proposed in the existing literature.     

基于预算约束的商品房价格形成机制研究

我国商品房市场上存在一定程度的预算约束。本文通过类比的方法,参考经典预算约束方程,得出了商品房交易市场的预算约束方程,并在此基础上通过理论分析和实证分析得出了商品房价格形成机制。笔者认为,流动性、城市化、人均可支配收入、交易量、持有成本为商品房价格的主要影响因素。从预算约束角度出发对商品房价格的形成机制进行研究,对政府的住房需求治理具有一定的参考意义。     

我国企业实施全面预算管理的实践与探讨

全面预算管理是一种现代企业的管理模式,通过信息、资金和业务的整合以及适度的分权、授权、业绩评价等,实现合理配置资源、有效贯彻战略、持续改善经营、价值稳步增加的目标。本文阐述了全面预算管理的理论知识,介绍了我国企业实施全面预算管理过程中出现的问题,并进行了原因分析,在借鉴国外实施全面预算管理经验启示的基础上,提出了完善我国企业全面预算管理的措施。     

A note on “estimating school district expenditure functions under conditions of closed-end matching aid”: Closed-end matching aid in the context of a two-part tariff

An alternative approach to estimating school district expenditure functions when the budget constraint is kinked is offered. Proper parameterization of the budget constraint permits one to estimate the expenditure function without using a censored sample procedure.     

Intrametropolitan migration: A simultaneous model of employment and residential location of white and black households

This study explores the relationship between the home and job location of the household within a metropolitan area. The model is an extension of the Alonso-Muth framework and allows the household to simultaneously choose its residential and employment location, monthly rent, number of rooms and the type of structure of the dwelling unit, so as to maximize its utility subject to the budget constraint.The data base is the Home Interview Survey conducted in 1965 by the (San Francisco) Bay Area Transportation Study Commission. The coefficients in the simultaneous model are estimated by two-stage least squares. The cross-section sample is stratified by tenure into renters and homeowners; by race into black and white households; and further by position in the life-cycle.The results of the location equations reveal that both the home and job location are responsive to each other which implies that the decentralization of jobs will result in the decentralization of residences for black households. The results of the housing equations imply that black and white households have almost identical elasticity of demand for housing. There is very slight evidence of price discrimination against black households. However, there is evidence that black households do face a geographical segregated market for rental housing.The results of this study argue that the decentralization of population is not due solely to rising incomes and will continue as long as industry decentralizes. Furthermore, governmental policies of increasing the income of central city residents, through subsidies to employers to locate in the central city will have a strong effect: inducing those residents to remain in or move into the central city. Thus, a policy that is meant to alleviate the plight of the city center may only result in strengthening the racial and income split between the suburb and the central city inhabitants.     

Irrelevance of the soft budget constraint for the shortage phenomenon

Kornai's thesis that shortage results from demand expansions bred by the soft budget constraint, derives from his implicit assumption that price regimes of input and output firms are different. Since any firm is both an input and an output firm, which discards the assumption as logically untenable, excess demand can only turn up because of lower than contracted inputs of labor and management that are not offset by an adequate downward adjustment of earnings. Expansions of demand that appear to be autonomous, are incited by uncertain deliveries of inputs, that is, by inefficiency (of output firms) as well. A by far the largest part of excess demand can be explained by state preferences for fast growth. As planners are more successful in generating investment, and the ensuing consumer, demand than in expanding production, shortage is inevitable regardless of the character of the firms' budget constraints.