外商直接投资对我国收入差距的影响——基于制造业工资基尼系数的实证分析

本文利用1998～2006年中国30个省市的面板数据,对FDI对制造业工资收入差距的影响进行了实证分析。研究发现,FDI有利于缩小我国制造业行业间工资收入差距;FDI缩小制造业行业间工资收入差距的原因在于其能够更多地拉升制造业中低收入行业的相对工资,该作用在东部地区要大于中西部地区;FDI能提高制造业的相对工资,但这种作用在不同地区是有差别的。因此,FDI虽然缩小了制造业行业间的工资收入差距,但是客观上扩大了东部和中西部地区之间制造业的工资收入差距。基于以上结论,本文最后提出了一些缩小制造业行业间收入差距和地区收入差距的政策建议。     

劳动力“极化”的经济效应分析——基于经济增长和收入不平等的双重视角北大核心CSSCISSCI

文章在国外劳动力极化的发展背景下,对我国改革开放以来劳动力就业极化和工资极化的发展趋势进行梳理,并探讨了劳动力极化对经济增长和收入不平等的影响方向和路径。研究结果表明:21世纪以来我国就业结构呈现出"N"型"极化升级"趋势,工资结构呈现出两端上升、中间塌陷的"U"型极化特点。从劳动力极化对经济增长的影响效应来看,高技能劳动力就业比重增加、技能偏向性技术进步与技能互补推动经济持续增长;以农民工为主要代表的低技能劳动力支撑了我国低成本工业化和城镇化的快速发展,但其难以给经济增长带来持久动力,最终产生阻碍作用。从劳动力极化对收入不平等的影响效应来看,高技能劳动力相对工资上涨导致收入差距扩大,但内生的技能供给增加会反向抑制收入差距扩大;低技能劳动力相对工资上升会缩小收入差距,但由于缺乏持续的工资上升动力,收入差距将又呈现扩大趋势。     

国际贸易对性别工资差距的影响:基于CHFS数据的研究

文章构建了国际贸易影响分技能劳动力性别工资差距的理论模型,并运用2011年中国家庭金融调查数据(CHFS)进行均值回归和分位数回归。实证研究结果显示:就总体性别工资差距而言,国际贸易虽扩大了性别工资差距,但对分技能性别工资差距的影响存在差异,贸易对低技能劳动力的性别工资差距有缩小作用,对高技能劳动力的性别工资差距有扩大作用;就不同地区性别工资差距而言,国际贸易提高了沿海地区的工资水平,并有助于缓解该地区的性别工资差距,但对内陆地区工资水平的提高有不利影响;就分技能的分位数性别工资差距而言,在工资分布的不同位置上,国际贸易总是在扩大高技能劳动力的性别工资差距,同时国际贸易有缩小工资分布中的中低端低技能劳动力性别工资差距的作用,这大致印证了上述均值回归的结果。基于以上结论,在贸易促使竞争加剧的背景下,即便高技能女性有时也难以从贸易中获得和男性均等的利益,虽然改善女性的个体特征(如受教育程度)有助于缓解性别工资差距的问题,但只有政府加强对劳动力市场的监管、完善社保制度,才能为解决性别工资差距建立更有效的制度保障。     

全球生产网络、贸易结构与工资差距：来自中国的证据

论文通过建立全球生产网络的中间投入品模型,实证分析中间品贸易对一国技术劳动力和非技术劳动力工资差异的影响。研究发现：加工贸易是中国融入全球生产网络的典型形态;其出口会扩大对技术和非技术劳动力的需求。但技术劳动力的工资上涨幅度要高于非技术劳动力的工资涨幅,从而使相对工资差距扩大。短期内,中间品的进口减少了技术劳动力的需求和就业,但长期来看中间品进口会扩大对技术劳动力的需求,相对工资差距拉大。人力资本投资的供给增长由于未能满足劳动力市场的需求,从而在一定程度上表现为工资差距拉大;但长期来看,人力资本积累机制的完善使得相对工资差距会逐渐缓和。     

收入差距中的“贸易-技术效应”分析

本文在分析"贸易-技术效应"对收入差距影响的短期与长期机制的基础上,利用2000～2009年我国制造业28个细分行业数据,实证分析了"贸易-技术效应"对熟练与非熟练技术劳动力间收入差距的影响。结果表明:贸易自由化对我国制造业细分行业的技术升级与新技术采用有着正面影响;短期内,贸易自由化通过"贸易-技术效应"机制,引致熟练技术劳动力相对需求上升,熟练与非熟练技术劳动力间的收入差距扩大;长期而言,"贸易-技术效应"机制使得熟练技术劳动力供给数量相对增加,熟练与非熟练技术劳动力间的收入差距缩小。     

收入差距中的“贸易-技术效应”分析

本文在分析"贸易-技术效应"对收入差距影响的短期与长期机制的基础上,利用2000～2009年我国制造业28个细分行业数据,实证分析了"贸易-技术效应"对熟练与非熟练技术劳动力间收入差距的影响。结果表明:贸易自由化对我国制造业细分行业的技术升级与新技术采用有着正面影响;短期内,贸易自由化通过"贸易-技术效应"机制,引致熟练技术劳动力相对需求上升,熟练与非熟练技术劳动力间的收入差距扩大;长期而言,"贸易-技术效应"机制使得熟练技术劳动力供给数量相对增加,熟练与非熟练技术劳动力间的收入差距缩小。     

国际贸易、外国直接投资与制造业高技能劳动力需求

随着融入全球经济步伐的加快和深入,我国正在经历高技能劳动力需求旺盛但实际短缺的时代,本文利用我国制造业企业调查数据考察了国际贸易和外国直接投资对高技能劳动力需求的影响。研究发现,进口贸易和外国直接投资与高技能劳动力需求之间存在显著的正相关关系,而出口对高技能劳动力需求呈现显著的负向作用。同时,国际贸易和外国直接投资对高技能劳动力需求的影响在行业和区域上表现出强烈差异。     

刘易斯转折点后我国城市劳动力市场中户籍歧视的变化

运用北京大学中国社会科学调查中心实施的中国家庭追踪调查数据,将城市劳动力按照户籍和劳动力是否跨县流动划分为本地城镇、本地农村、外来城镇、外来农村4类,并运用Oaxaca-Blinder方法对城镇劳动力和农村劳动力的就业机会与工资收入差距进行分解,分析了2012年至2016年我国劳动力市场上就业机会和工资收入歧视的变化.结果表明,随着时间的推移,农村劳动力遭受的就业和工资的户籍歧视程度在下降,但面临的户籍歧视仍不可忽视,外来劳动力遭受的户籍歧视比本地劳动力更严重.此外,教育对就业获得及工资收入有显著的正向影响,城镇劳动力可以获得更高的教育回报率.     

FDI、人力资本门槛与就业——基于门槛效应的检验

本文从理论上分析了FDI影响劳动力就业的传导机制,并利用2002~2012年中国省际面板数据,以人力资本为门槛变量构建门槛回归模型,实证检验了FDI对我国高技能劳动力和低技能劳动力就业影响的门槛效应。研究结果表明:FDI对高技能劳动力和低技能劳动力就业的影响存在显著的人力资本门槛效应。在人力资本较低阶段,FDI会拉动低技能劳动力就业而抑制高技能劳动力就业;在中等人力资本阶段,FDI对高技能劳动力就业无显著影响,对低技能劳动力就业则有负影响;在高人力资本阶段,FDI会显著拉动高技能劳动力就业并抑制低技能劳动力就业。     

加工贸易与行业间收入差距——基于我国30个行业面板数据的经验研究

本文利用2005～2008年我国制造业30个细分行业数据,研究了加工贸易对行业间收入差距的影响。实证结果表明,我国行业间加工贸易活动的差异加大了行业间收入差距,相关行业在劳动生产率、垄断程度方面的差异对我国行业间收入差距也产生了显著的正向影响;而行业总资产贡献率差异对行业收入差距具有负向影响,说明在我国加工企业中,劳动力工资水平偏低与利润被资本所有者不合理占有有关,导致行业内收入差距加大。     

Penetration and Post-infection Development of Meloidogyne Incognita on Tobacco as Treated by Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas Fluorescens Strain P-72-10

The bio-control potential of rhizospere bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens against plant-parasite nematode had been demonstrated. P. fluorescens had shown the effect to enhance tobacco resistance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Inoculation with P. fluoreseens in tobacco could lead to significant reductions in the number of juveniles that penetrated tobacco root and further life stage development of the juveniles. The number of juveniles penetrated into tobac- co root in treatment with P. fluorescens is significantly different from CK at 2DAI, 6DAI, 8DAI and 10DAI. Significant reduction and delayed development of juveniles that penetrated into tobacco root and treated were observed in treatment at 14DAI, 21DAI, 28DAI and 35DAI. In addition, P. fluoreseens treatment leads to a significant reduction in the number of eggs per egg-mass at 35 DAI. The results show P. fluorescens induced a continuously suppression on root-knot nema- tode M. incognita throughout their entire early infection phase of root penetration, subsequent life stage development and reproduction.     

On the Major Transformation of the Asia-Pacific Regional Structure北大核心CSSCISSCI

Recent years have witnessedsignificant changes in the Asia-Pacific regionalstructure featuring the shift in power balance among related countries as well as adjust-ments in their respective regional strategies. So what is the prevailing trend in thistransformation and what kind of regional order will likely emerge in the future？ To an-swer these questions, the paper tries to explore the following dimensions： the evolvingregional context, shift in power balance and power conversion, geo-political and geo-e-conomic developments and interactions between them, and evolving regional order. Asthe study shows, the broadening of regional geographical scope, the rise in the numberof actors involved, as well as changesin the relations among them, have combined tocast a pluralistic and complex flavor to the regional structure. While the power balanceamong China, the United States and Japan shifts, and power conversion is also occur-ring. China and Japan are paying increasing attention to their security roles, whereasthe United States under the Obama administration laid more stress on expanding itsgeo-economic clout. In spite of the intensifying geopolitical competition among China,the United States and Japan in recent years, a Sino-US strategic compromise-whichholds the key to regional geopolitics-isother front, some kind of geo-economicmore likely to take place in the future. On thecooperation will probably emerge. In the longerterm, it will be the geo-economic trend thatwill prevail over the geopolitical trend inthe region. Finally, the future evolution of regional order wiI1 mainly follow the eco-nomic logic, accompanied by the dilutionof its hegemonic and hierarchical nature.Hence, a pluralistic and complex regional community will emerge.     

The German Hanse and Bergen – new perspectives on an old subject

Abstract

The Hanseatic League and her kontors (trading posts) were an integral part of the medieval trade system in Northern Europe. Hanse merchants dominated many markets in this region and managed to maintain a monopoly-like role in towns like Novgorod and Bergen for many centuries. Consequently, one focus of historical research about the Hanseatic League lay on the mechanisms that enabled the Hanse merchants to keep that strong of a position for such a long time.

This article is part of the discussion about this topic. Based on Lübeck merchants with business interest in the Norwegian town of Bergen, the so-called Bergenfahrers (Bergen travellers), it will give new insights into the Hansards' economical and social organization. The three main points are (a) the integration of the Bergen market in the Hanseatic trade network as an intermediary trading place on the vivid East–West route of Hanse trade; (b) the importance of the Bergenfahrers within the Hanse merchants' economical, social and political networks; and (c) the structure of the Bergenfahrers network patterns in the late Middle Ages.

In addition to new insights into the important role of Bergen and the Bergenfahrers within Lübeck's and the other Wendish Hanse towns' trading system, this articles provides further proof for the usefulness of the methods of Social Network Analysis in medieval economic research.     

Organization and incentives in the age of sail

The British Navy in the age of sail was the most successful bureaucracy of its time. Its organization and incentive structures differed importantly from contemporaneous private sailing ventures, but closely resembled those of today’s large corporations. To induce efficient effort, the navy used a hierarchical tournament, in which sailors competed for higher pay that came with promotions based on relative performance. Promotion probabilities, the option value of future promotions, and the higher effort required of men in higher ranks and on larger vessels, combined to yield a highly skewed pay structure.     

For Better or for Worse? Local Impacts of the Decentralization of Indonesia’s Forest Sector

This paper quantifies the local impacts of mechanized logging on forest-dependent communities in Indonesia, before and after decentralization. A conceptual framework incorporates financial, social, enforcement, rent-seeking, and environmental impacts. Using data from 60 communities in East Kalimantan, the empirical results suggest that significantly more households received financial and in-kind benefits after decentralization compared to before. Many communities engaged in self-enforcement activities against firms both before and after decentralization. Post-decentralization, a significantly higher proportion of households perceived community forest ownership. There were few significant differences in perceived environmental impacts. Little evidence exists of a post-decentralization trade-off between environmental and financial contractual provisions.     

以资本管理为核心的银行治理综合评价指标研究

商业银行的特殊性体现在风险性、外部性和多重治理目标上，尤其集中体现在风险管理的本质上。风险管理日益成为现代商业银行的主体活动和核心职能，资本管理成为现代商业银行风险管理的核心。在整合EVA和RAROC指标的基础上。文章构建了以资本管理为核心的银行治理的综合评价指标，以求真实反映银行经营的成果，有效衡量风险收益和风险成本的对比关系，从而反映以资本管理为核心的银行风险管理的过程、能力和效率。     

Financial Reporting and Trade Credit: Evidence from Mandatory IFRS Adoption*

We investigate the effect of mandatory IFRS adoption on trade credit. We document that firms in countries that adopt IFRS receive more trade credit from their suppliers, consistent with improved financial reporting quality and comparability playing a role in facilitating informal financing. This increase is larger for countries with a low level of societal trust, a poor pre‐IFRS‐adoption information environment, and stronger legal enforcement. These cross‐sectional results suggest that the conditions under which higher‐quality information is made publicly available affect suppliers' decisions to provide trade credit. This increase is also larger for firms with greater exposure to foreign markets, a finding that highlights the importance of more comparable international financial reporting standards in facilitating cross‐country trade credit. We also find that IFRS adoption has a stronger positive effect on trade credit for firms with greater liquidity needs. Finally, we find that firms in countries that adopt IFRS also extend more trade credit to their customers. Overall, our results support the notion that financial reporting can have a causal effect on trade credit.     

Markteintrittstiming von Telekommunikationsdiensteanbietern

Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Studie analysiert für 87 Neuprodukteinführungen (NPE) und Auslandsmarkteintritte (AME) von Telekommunikations(TK)-Diensteanbietern in Deutschland, zu denen 42 Schlüsselinformanten in einer schriftlichen Befragung Auskunft gaben, (1) inwieweit deren zeitliche Eintrittspositionierung durch Marktcharakteristika und Unternehmensressourcen erkl?rbar ist sowie (2) inwieweit und gegebenenfalls unter welchen unternehmensexternen und -internen Situationsbedingungen deren Markteintrittstiming mit dem wahrgenommenen Eintrittserfolg assoziiert ist. Ein früher Markteintritt wurde dann realisiert, wenn die Wettbewerbsintensit?t im adressierten Gesch?ft niedrig und das Budget für den Expansionsschritt überdurchschnittlich ausfielen. Zwischen dem Markteintrittstiming und der Beurteilung des Eintrittserfolgs bestand ein nicht monotoner, umgekehrt U-f?rmiger Zusammenhang: Frühe Folger wiesen signifikant bessere Erfolgswerte auf als Pioniere und sp?te Folger, deren Erfolgsniveaus nicht signifikant divergierten. In einer Industrie, die durch starke externe Netzeffekte gepr?gt ist, fallen offenbar die Nachteile eines Markteintritts als Pionier oder sp?ter Folger st?rker ins Gewicht als die Vorteile dieser beiden zeitlichen Eintrittspositionierungen. Unabh?ngig vom Markteintrittstiming wurden NPE/AME von TK-Unternehmen als erfolgreicher eingestuft, wenn sie sich in einen Markt mit stark wachsender Nachfrage und aufeinander abgestimmt (re)agierenden Wettbewerbern mit qualitativ überdurchschnittlichen, abw?rtskompatiblen, erprobbaren und wenig erkl?rungsbedürftigen TK-Diensten engagierten.