C2C电子商务经营者信誉的博弈分析

C2C电子商务中,买卖双方关于卖方履约意愿以及商品质量的信息不对称使网上交易面临严重的信任危机.在线信誉机制的存在对于减少网上交易中的欺诈行为具有积极的作用.通过对类似eBay的二元反馈论坛的研究,发现卖方声誉水平越高,其商品成交的价格和出售的概率越高.现行的信誉机制使得买方的正反馈带给卖方的效用是边际递减的,因此,该机制虽然可以在一定程度上激励卖方付出较高的努力水平,但仍不是完全有效率的.不过对于给定的声誉水平,卖方偏离合作的次数不会超过一个上限.     

谈谈股票期权会计

一、经营者股票期权的特点及其在我国实施的必要性 通常意义上的股票期权主要有以下特点：1．风险与收益不对称。买卖双方的权利义务不对等,买方有决定履约与否的权利,而卖方只有“听命”履行的义务;买卖双方的收益、损失也不对称,买方可能遭受的最大损失是权利金,而可能得到的最大收益没有上限;卖方可能得到的最大收益是权利金,而可能遭受的最大损失无法估计。这使得股票期权相对更为灵活,更能吸引对收益、风险具有不同偏好的投资者,更好地     

保险业中的逆向选择与道德风险

现实中的市场往往是一种信息不对称的市场,买方和卖方在许多重要信息的掌握上是不对称的,因此导致资源配置的无效率,引发一系列的社会问题。文章对保险业信息不对称情况、由此产生的“逆向选择”和“道德风险”的结果以及应该采取的相应对策进行了分析。     

拍卖投标中的卖方干扰策略分析

本文讨论了拍卖投标博弈中卖方通过代理人来干扰投标拍卖过程的两种策略,区分了买方不能辨别和能辨别卖方代理人类型的两种信息假定,由此讨论了卖方代理人对拍卖投标结果产生的影响,其结果是此时收益等价定理不再成立。这一模型可以用来解释现实中常常发生的一种卖方策略性行为。     

论国有资本"廉价投票权"问题及治理

委托——代理问题是资本所有权与经营权相分离的必然产物。解决好这一问题，一般人都把注意力集中在如何设计一套制度安排，使委托人能择优选拔和有效激励监督代理人(经营者)，以消除委托人与代理人之间因信息不对称所导致的代理人的偷懒和机会主义行为。这种思想其实暗含着一个不言自喻的前提假设，委托人有激励监督代理人的内在动力，他自己不会有偷懒和机会主义的行为动机，并能由此获得努力监督代理人的收益。应该说，在市场经济国家，     

国有企业经理机会主义倾向的博弈论解释--一个混合对策框架

信息不对称及委托人和代理人目标函数的不一致不仅诱致代理人的机会主义动机 ,同样也诱致委托人的机会主义冲动 ,普遍认同的加重惩罚代理人就可以有效遏制代理人机会主义行为的论点缺乏足够的支撑 ,只有加重惩罚委托人的机会主义行为 ,才能有效防止代理人的机会主义冲动。难以惩罚委托人的偷懒行为是国有企业经理机会主义行为盛行 ,道德风险严重的直接原因 ,根源在于公有产权制度安排下委托人不具备应有的行为能力。     

我国保险中介市场的缺陷分析

1.保险中介与保险市场的信息不对称。保险市场的信息不对称主要是指提供保险商品的保险人与需求商品的被保险人各自对对方的保险服务与保险标的相关信息了解的差异。首先,信息不对称将会加剧保险中介的机会主义行为。机会主义行为是指人们借助于不正当手段谋取自身利益的行为倾向,保险市场上的信息不对称使中介介入的机会主义行为具有一定的隐蔽性     

竞争、偏好与信贷契约治理效率——基于比较制度实验的研究

偏好机制作为规制道德风险行为的基础制度安排,受到了信贷契约所处竞争态势的影响,两者共同决定了信贷契约的治理效率。本文采用比较制度实验方法,研究了对称市场、买方竞争和卖方竞争三种信贷市场中偏好机制的治理效率,对比分析了三种竞争状态下的市场绩效和收益分布,研究结果表明:买方竞争强化了偏好机制的治理效能,卖方竞争削弱了偏好机制的治理效能;信贷契约治理效率随时间逐渐降低,对称市场的签约比率下降最快,卖方竞争市场的守约比率下降最快;买方竞争市场的平均绩效最高,卖方竞争市场的最低;买方竞争市场的投资者占有了较大比例的交易剩余;卖方竞争市场的企业家占有了较大比例的交易剩余。     

寿险核赔中信息不对称问题探析

一、信息不对称理论的基本概述新 古典主义经济学对经济现象分析的一个基本假设就是信息是完备和对称的。价格可以传递市场交易中的一切信息 ;以信息成本为主要组成部分的交易成本为零。只有信息完备时 ,市场交易及其前景才是确定的 ,经济行为人的理性—最大化效用的动机则会自动实现 ,市场交易的一般均衡必然达成 ,帕累托最优就会得以实现。然而 ,在现实的经济生活中 ,信息往往是不完备和不对称的 ,每个人都对其他人有信息优势 (或劣势 )。某些参与人拥有但另一些参与人不拥有信息的情况叫做信息不对称。针对某种交易行为 ,拥有信息较少的一方就叫做处于信息劣势 ,另一方就叫做处于信息优势。信息具有经济价值 ,行为人花费成本才能获得信息。因此 ,信息的不完备和不对称 ,决定了交易成本的存在 ,实质上 ,交易成本的大部分是由搜寻、处理信息的成本构成。市场经济就是交易经济、契约经济。由于不确定性的存在和信息在交易双方当事人之间的不对称分布 ,经济人自身效用最大化动机会诱发机会主义行为 ,诸如逆向选择和道德风险 ,这种机会主义行为妨碍契约的有效性 ,影响了交易效率。正是由于信息存在着广泛的不对称性 ,并引发机会主义行为导致经济活动的低效率...     

下游厂商纵向一体化研究——基于中间产品质量的视角

产品质量问题引发了一系列的社会问题.中间产品的低质量造成了最终产品的低质量.上游厂商利用中间产品生产的信息不对称,产生了以牺牲质量来降低成本的机会主义行为,给下游厂商造成了巨大的损失.中间产品的低价格和生产的信息不对称是中间产品低质量产生的根源,通过研究发现厂商纵向一体化消除了中间产品生产的信息不对称及由此引起的内生交易费用.本文用一般性的数理模型分析了厂商纵向一体化的条件,并得出结论.     

Health, Wealth, Fertility, Education, and Inequality

The authors use a new cross-country dataset to estimate the strength of the links between different dimensions of social and economic development, including indicators of health, fertility, and education, as well as material wellbeing. This differs from previous studies in employing data for different income groups in each country in order to provide direct evidence on factors driving inequality, and in using a unique measure of material wellbeing that does not rely on PPP comparisons.     

IPR,Trade, FDI,and Technology Transfer

In this survey, we discuss how intellectual property rights （IPR） protection in the South affects trade flows, foreign direct investment （FDI） flows, and technology transfers from the North to the South. We also discuss optimal IPR policies and their effect on innovation. Our discussion covers both theoretical studies and empirical evidence. This survey is both comprehensive and critical. It aims to give readers the current state of IPR and globalization literature. Some issues have been studied more thoroughly, whereas for others the surface has only been scratched upon. This survey gives readers a clearer picture of the literature and may help them find future research topics.     

Trade,Remittances, Institutions,and Economic Growth

This paper empirically investigates the role of trade, remittances, and institutions in economic development in a large sample of developing countries using recently developed instruments for all these variables. Both cross-country (over 30 years) and dynamic panel data (over 5-year periods) regressions of growth rates on instrumented trade, remittances, and institutions provide evidence of a significant impact of trade, institutions, and remittances on growth. While institutions foster growth, remittances hamper it. The effect of trade on growth is positive in cross-sectional regressions but ambiguous in dynamic panel data regressions. These results are indicative of a more important role for trade in explaining growth in the very long run compared with over shorter horizons.     

Country terms of trade: trends,unit roots,over-differencing,endogeneity, time dummies,and heterogeneity

The debate about the Prebisch-Singer thesis has focused on primary commodities with some extensions to manufactures. We analyse trends in country terms-of-trade for goods and services rather than those for commodities according to the World Bank income classification. We find that the natural logarithm of the terms of trade for all groups except for the poorest has common unit roots, but none has individual unit roots. As low-income countries have no unit roots over-differencing is inefficient and biases significance levels in first differences against the fall in the terms of trade. For the low-income countries the terms of trade of goods and services are falling at a rate that is significantly negative without and with endogeneity treatment by system GMM. A comprehensive analysis of the effects of time dummies supports the result of falling terms of trade for low-income countries. When all coefficients are country-specific 50% of all low-income countries have falling terms of trade in a simultaneous equation estimation using the SUR method. Food and financial crisis have no effect on the number of countries with falling terms of trade, but (dis-)improve the terms of trade or the significance of the results for a very small number of countries.     

Modinomics: Design,Implementation, Outcomes,and Prospects

This paper presents an analysis of the key elements of Modinomics, defined as “everyone's participation, everyone's progress.” It investigates the reasons why Modinomics was necessary, the key elements of Modinomics, and how this policy was implemented. It argues that India's economic policy has had continuity since the economic reform package of 1991, so Modinomics has involved a high component of better implementation. Nevertheless, there have been some major policy changes as well. The paper discusses the deep structural reforms of demonetization and a Goods and Services Tax as well the new Insolvency and Bankruptcy Act. The paper examines the record of economic growth under Modi as well as new welfare and employment programs to make economic growth more inclusive. Finally, the paper examines the medium and long‐term growth prospects for India.     

Excise taxes,over-shifting,cross-elasticity,and tax revenue

This article examines cross-elasticity effects in excise taxation for markets characterized by monopolistic competition and over-shifting. Extending the constant elasticity demand model to consider cross-elasticity leads to notably different results regarding tax revenue maximization. With nonzero but weak cross-elasticity effects relative to the price elasticity, we derive a higher optimal tax-price ratio compared to prior research. With strong cross-elasticity, revenue can continually be increased by raising the excise tax. Overall, the study offers government greater incentive to use excise taxes to obtain revenue.