社会保障税的税源与税率研究——基于2010—2050年人口预测数据

社会保障税费改革争论已久,实质问题不在于谁负责征税,而在于区分税费性质,理顺社会保障体系的结构。基于社会保障税的税源与税率的确定,以《国家人口发展战略研究报告》发布的人口数据为基础,以国民基础养老金为例,测算2010—2050年中国社会保障税的税率、财政支出占比与GDP占比,结果表明:国民基础养老金作为纯公共品,应由政府通过税收的方式为其筹集资金,资金来源的可行方式是征收社会保障税。     

对开征社会保障税的几点思考

将现行的社会保险收费改为社会保障税,利用税收手段完善社会保障制度,不但有助于解决当前双重征收的矛盾,降低征收成本,还可以提高征缴率,扩大社会保障的覆盖面,提高社会保障统筹层次。最重要的是,＂费改税＂将建立税务机关征收、财政部门管理、社保部门支出的三位一体的管理体制,做到相互制约,相互监督,不仅更加有利于增强社保资金运行的安全性,提高资金使用效益,还可为完善公共财政制度和促进政府职能转变奠定良好基础。     

转轨时期社会保障与宏观调控的关系

社会保障体系的建立健全对保持一个稳定的社会环境是十分重要的，尤其是在当前我国经济正处于的转轨时期。同时，基于预防性储蓄的观点，社会保障对居民的消费观念和消费数量也有着很大的影响。国外的一些研究表明，如果没有其现在的这种社会保障体系的话，其个人储蓄总额会增加1倍多。这使得随着社会保障制度的完善，政府在对我国经济进行宏观调控时要注意到社会保障制度所产生的影响。     

“皮凯蒂税”：世界收入差距趋势研判与我国的政策选择

从“巴菲特税”到斯蒂格利茨“不平等的代价”,从“皮凯蒂税”到2015年诺贝尔经济学奖获得者迪顿因对收入差距问题的关注而获奖,收入差距问题是始终伴随人类社会发展长期存在、无法回避的“痼疾”,具有很强的现实研究价值。本文从《21世纪资本论》的争论分析入手,探讨了对高收入者征收“皮凯蒂税”命题提出的背景及征收的可行性。本文分别对欧洲国家、美国、东亚地区及拉美国家的收入差距状况、社会保障体系的现状与困境进行了分析,探讨了“皮凯蒂税”的现实根源;分析了中国收入差距状况及社会保障体系的情况,认为应实施“包容性增长”的财税政策作为“皮凯蒂税”发挥作用的配套措施。     

现阶段老工业基地国有存量资本有效运营问题及对策研究

目前,造成现阶段老工业基地国有存量资本运营效率低的主要问题有税收政策不灵活,信贷政策限制多,社会保障制度尚未完善,不良资本剥离制度不健全,非制度因素禁锢严重,无形资本激活制度有待改进,会计方法的选择影响国有存量资本计量等问题。应实行税收减免制度,改善老工业基地信贷环境,完善社会保障制度,创建无形资本核算评估制度,选择科学会计核算方法,创建无形资本核算评估制度。     

资源型城市可持续发展的税收政策研究

资源型城市可持续发展面临的问题,主要表现在资源枯竭与城市经济单一,城市管理与地方财政收入减少,资源开发与城市环境质量建设不协调,经济发展与城市基础设施投入成反比,技术落后与人才吸引力差,失业率高与就业压力大,收入水平较低与社会保障工作落后等方面。应建立鼓励资源型城市可持续发展的税收政策体系,进一步完善鼓励资源节约、有利于保护环境、激励技术开发和设备更新、吸引人才、鼓励就业、增强社会保障等多项税收政策。     

Composition of trade flows and the effectiveness of fiscal devaluation

We empirically explore whether the magnitude of the effects of fiscal devaluation, which consists of reducing the employers’ social security contribution rate and increasing the value‐added tax rate, depends on the composition of trade flows. Our sample comprises data on bilateral balances of trade between 28 European Union (EU) Member States and their main EU trade partners over the 2000–14 period. We use robust ordinary least squares regressions, controlling for the country‐pair and time fixed effects, to test whether there are differences in the sizes of relationships between these taxation forms and bilateral trade balances for different types of goods, by distinguishing between: (i) consumer, intermediate and capital goods; and (ii) labour and capital‐intensive goods. Our results show that the overall effectiveness of fiscal devaluation depends on the composition of trade flows. Value‐added tax is more strongly (positively) associated with (bilateral) balances of trade in consumer goods, compared to balances of trade in capital and intermediate goods. The employers’ contribution rate, in contrast, is more tightly (negatively) related to balances of trade in capital goods. The latter finding also holds true for trade balances of labour‐intensive goods compared to balances of capital‐intensive goods.     

基于财政分权的地方住房保障财政供给能力实证研究

住房保障是政府的重要责任,受到政治、经济和社会多种因素影响,以财政分权因素为例,分析发现：我国分税制改革尚未形成激励地方政府自觉增加住房保障财政供给的机制,现行财政分权模式不利于增强地方政府住房保障供给能力。今后需要结合分税制改革,明确中央和地方各级政府的住房保障责任,并将其作为财政投入的依据,结合我国住房保障供给与城镇化进程、城镇贫困和低收入人群的住房保障需求,合理规划和制定住房保障政策,增加财政投入,提高供给水平。     

缩小我国居民贫富差距的对策研究

近此年来,在我国居民生活的总体水平不断提高的前提下,居民贫富差距不断扩大的问题也日渐突出。其根本原因是经济运行的双轨制和税务法制的不健全与不完善。缩小我国居民贫富差距,应加大税收制度的改革,消除城乡国民待遇差异,建立健全社会保障体系,不断健全完善国家制度和体制,实现社会的公平公正。     

社会保障政策与就业联动的实证分析

在全面梳理现行社会保障政策的基础上,采用实证分析的方法,对社会保障同就业、失业之间的相关关系进行定量分析,指出现行社会保障政策与促进就业之间的不协调,揭示我国近年来就业增长降低与社会保障费率升高之间的数量联系,进而提出完善社会保障政策设计的建议.     

Behavioral Interventions to Increase Tax‐Time Saving: Evidence from a National Randomized Trial

We provide new large‐scale experimental evidence on policies that aim to boost household saving out of income tax refunds. Households that filed income tax returns with an online tax preparer and chose to receive their refund electronically were randomized into eight treatment groups, which received different combinations of motivational saving prompts and suggested shares of the refund to save—25% and 75%—and a control group, which received neither. In treatment conditions where they were presented, motivational prompts focused on various savings goals: general, retirement, or emergency. Analysis reveals that higher suggested that allocations generated increased allocations of the refund to savings but that prompts for different reasons to save did not. These interventions, which draw on lessons from behavioral economics, represent potentially low‐cost, scalable tools for policy makers interested in helping low‐ and moderate‐income households build savings.     

Distributional Effects of Public Investment when Wealth and Classes are Back

In developed economies, wealth inequality is high, while public capital is underprovided. Here, we study the impact of heterogeneity in saving behavior and income sources on the distributional effects of public investment. A capital tax is levied to finance productive public capital in an economy with two types of households: high income households who save dynastically and middle income households who save for retirement. We find that inequality is reduced the higher the capital tax rate is and that low tax rates are Pareto‐improving. There is no clear‐cut trade‐off between efficiency and equality: middle income households’ consumption is maximal at a capital tax rate that is higher than the rate which maximizes high income households’ consumption.     

中西部民族地区农村社会保障制度发展策略研究——基于农村社会养老保险经济可行性的分析

改革开放以来,中西部民族地区农村社会保障事业由于受到资金瓶颈的制约而步履维艰,困难重重。以民族地区农村养老保险为例进行经济可行性测算,结果表明各民族地区是否能顺利实施农村社会养老保险制度取决于投保人自身的缴费能力和当地政府的政策取向。在此基础上进一步分析可知,加强和完善中西部民族地区农村社会保障制度建设需要树立长期持续发展的理念,明确社保制度建设中的政府责任与主导作用,坚持物质补偿与发展扶持并举,挖掘民族传统文化的源动力,因地制宜地设计差异性社保制度。     

Small and Medium‐Sized Enterprises' Collaborative Buyer–Supplier Relationships: Boundary Spanning Individual Perspectives

Boundary‐spanning individuals (BSIs) play a critical role in supply chain management, especially in small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) where interactions with buyers and suppliers can depend heavily on just a few individuals. This study, utilizing data from Korean manufacturing‐sector SMEs, explores whether cooperative social value orientations of SMEs' BSIs influence the effects of collaborative buyer‐supplier initiatives. The results suggested that the performance implication of decision‐sharing initiative increases when BSIs have a high level of cooperative social value orientation. However, it also negatively moderates the relationship between risk/benefit sharing (involving financial losses or gains) and performance suggesting possible negative side effects. However, we found that such orientation also negatively moderates the relationship between risk/benefit sharing (involving direct financial losses or gains) and relationship performance suggesting possible negative side effects.     

Impact of Personal and Situational Factors on Taxpayer Compliance: An Experimental Analysis

This study used a laboratory experiment with monetary incentives to test the impact of three personal factors (moral reasoning, value orientation and risk preference), and three situational factors (the presence/absence of audits, tax inequity, and peer reporting behavior), while controlling for the impact of other demographic characteristics, on tax compliance. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) reveals that all the main effects analyzed are statistically significant and robustly influence tax compliance behavior. These results highlight the importance of obtaining a proper understanding of these factors for developing effective policies for increasing the level of compliance, and indicate that standard enforcement polices based on punishment alone should be supplemented by an information system that would acquaint tax payers with the compliance level of other tax payers; reinforce the concept of fairness of the tax system among tax payers; and develop programs that enhance and appeal to a taxpayer's moral conscience and reinforce social cohesion.     

Corporate and Individual Influences on Managers' Social Orientation

This paper reports research on the influence of corporate and individual characteristics on managers' social orientation in Germany. The results indicate that mid-level managers expressed a significantly lower social orientation than low-level managers, and that job activity did not impact social orientation. Female respondents expressed a higher social orientation than male respondents. No impact of the political system origin (former East Germany versus former West Germany) on social orientation was shown. Overall, corporate position had a significantly higher impact on social orientation than did the characteristics of the individuals surveyed.     

Welfare State and Taxation in Russia: the Contradictions of the Unified Social Tax

The Unified Social Tax (UST) was introduced in Russia in 2001 as part of a comprehensive reform of the tax and social security system. Five years on, this article offers a preliminary assessment of the positive effects of UST so far and the problems that remain.     

Sharing Economy: Nutznießer oder Opfer institutioneller Inkonsistenzen?

The current rules of the social and economic system have allowed the development of the sharing economy. However, through their spread across numerous industries, institutional inconsistencies and discussions on new regulation requirements have emerged demanding a re-assessment of rules, e.g. in tax laws, social security laws, labour laws and in the regulation of specific industries.     

Trade openness,tax reform and tax revenue in developing countries

This article investigates empirically whether the effect of tax reform (involving the progressive replacement of trade tax revenue with domestic tax revenue) in developing countries' tax revenue performance (measured by tax revenue‐to‐GDP ratio) depends on the degree of trade openness of these countries. The analysis has used an unbalanced panel data set of 95 developing countries over the period 1981–2015 and the two‐system GMM approach. Results suggest that tax reform is positively and significantly associated with tax revenue performance in developing countries, with the magnitude of this positive effect increasing as countries experience a higher development level. Additionally, and more importantly, countries that further open up their economies to international trade enjoy a higher positive effect of tax reform on tax revenue than countries that experience a lower degree of trade openness. Therefore, these findings should help dissipate the concerns of policymakers in developing countries that greater openness to international trade would further erode their tax revenue, including by lowering their international trade tax revenue. In fact, the implementation of an appropriate tax reform in the context of greater trade openness would generate higher tax revenue, while concurrently allowing countries to reap the well‐known benefits of international trade.     

Encouraging Tax‐Time Savings with a Low‐Touch,Large‐Scale Intervention: Evidence from the Refund to Savings Experiment

Low‐ and moderate‐income households often struggle to save, but the annual tax refund represents a prime opportunity for these households to save toward their financial goals or build their emergency savings. This paper presents the results of a randomized, controlled experiment embedded in a free tax‐preparation product offered in 2013 to low‐ and moderate‐income households. The experiment involved approximately 470,000 filers and assessed the impact of behavioral interventions on their savings behaviors. The results show that filers exposed to the treatments, which involved the established behavioral‐economics techniques of anchoring, choice architecture, and persuasive messaging, were more likely than a control group to save their tax refund and, on average, saved more of the refund. A follow‐up survey of these tax filers found that the treatments were associated with saving more of the tax refund six months after filing. The findings also show that anchors encouraging filers to deposit certain amounts are more effective than persuasive messaging emphasizing savings.