Tour Leader Attachment and Customer Citizenship Behaviors in Group Package Tour: The Role of Customer Commitment

The tour leader plays a critical role in travel decisions. Recently, the attachment theory has been extended into the domain of travel behavior. However, little academic attention has been paid to the attachment of tour leader. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of tour leader attachment on customer citizenship behaviors (CCBs). Furthermore, the study investigated the extent to which customer commitment mediates the relationship between tour leader attachment and CCBs. Online survey data from 459 tourists indicate that tour leader attachment is positively related to CCBs. Furthermore, customer commitment mediates the relationship between tour leader attachment and CCBs. Implications of these findings as well as future research are subsequently discussed.     

关于准入制度与导游管理体制的思考

很多研究从不同视角就导游管理问题进行了深入探讨,提出的对策主要是两个方面:严格导游职业准入制度和完善相关管理体制。文章认为,职业准入制度的主要功能对于解决我国导游服务中存在的市场机会主义问题并不具有针对性,对于真正实现导游数量控制、提高导游服务质量作用有限。加强监管的思路是合理的,但如何监管需考虑行业管理制度与企业微观机制的衔接和相互影响,从制度建设方面引导旅行社自身组织结构优化。从市场关系看,导游具有独立性,又对旅行社具有从属性,旅行社才是市场责任主体,其追求利益的方式影响企业组织结构,决定了旅行社与导游之间的关系,进而影响导游的行为和服务质量。旅游行业管理应该建立以旅行社为核心的行业治理模式,明确和强化旅行社的质量责任主体地位,促进导游服务质量提升。     

华东线导游员情绪劳动的探索研究及实证启示——应用结构方程模型(SEM)

在心理学及情绪劳动相关文献研究分析的基础上,文章结合导游人力资源管理的特点,通过应用结构方程模型研究理论和方法,构建了华东线导游员情绪劳动的理论模型,并对华东线导游员情绪劳动的本质内涵、中介因素和结果变量进行了深入探讨和分析。研究结果表明,情绪劳动模型中各变量之间的关系与假定完全符合。文章在一定程度上填补了目前对导游人员情绪劳动理论探讨的空白,并就在导游人力资源管理中更好地进行情绪管理提出了实际建议。     

The Relationships Between Emotional Intelligence,Job Stress,and Quality of Life Among Tour Guides

Considerable evidence supports the notion that higher job stress is associated with lower quality of life (QOL), which is an increasingly common indicator to assess an individual's general health status, mental health and well-being. Those with higher emotional intelligence (EI) levels are more aware of their emotions and have more effective coping strategies to deal with stress-related emotions, all of which lead to higher levels of well-being. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to explore the relationships between EI, job stress and QOL among tour guides, who significantly influence tourists' impressions of a destination. The obtained results indicated that EI was inversely correlated with occupational stress and positively associated with QOL, and a negative link was seen between job stress and QOL. In practice, the results can provide information for developing interventions to enhance tour guides' competencies of EI and stress management, which result in higher levels of QOL.     

法经济学视角下的我国国内游导游执业危机解决路径研究

从法经济学视角对我国国内游导游职业和执业状况进行深入分析认为,导游人员薪酬制度改革并不能解决导游执业危机。解决国内游导游人员执业危机应从导游人员总量控制切入,改革导游职业准入制度,平衡导游数量规模与导游平均服务质量之间的关系,进而对旅行社和旅游市场产生良性影响。以改革导游职业准入制度为主线,辅之以导游人员素质培养和严格执法监督两种方式,才能提高导游平均服务质量,推进旅游市场健康发展。     

Intensive tour guide training in regional Australia: an analysis of the Savannah Guides organisation and professional development schools

A number of authors believe that tour guide training may hold a key to passing on the concept of sustainable tourism to tourists. Savannah Guides Limited (SGL) is an organisation for tour guides interpreting and protecting the tropical savannahs of northern Australia. This paper examines the provision of intensive professional development schools, which the SGL organisation provides, to raise standards of professionalism for nature-based tour guides in remote regions. Its framework is based on Schein's three levels of organisational culture model, and Black and Ham's 10-element performance-based tour guide certification programme. Active participant observation of the development school process and a self-administered questionnaire to SGL members were used to understand the organisation's success. The main motivations for tour guiding are explored, as are the ways in which tour guides acquire knowledge. It is suggested that the provision of professional development schools in nature-based tourism regions benefits the guide and the tour guiding industry, and contributes to the protection of the natural environment. It is proposed that the SGL training model of professional development schools and certification be adopted by tour guiding organisations in other regional destinations as a way of nurturing and advancing quality tour guiding and professionalism.     

导游服务质量问题的根源分析与对策研究——基于利益相关者理论和游客感知视角

本文借鉴管理学的利益相关者理论,从游客感知视角探讨了我国的导游服务质量问题,提出导游服务质量管理是一个系统工程,把矛头单一地指向导游有失公允;导游服务质量问题的根源在于导游与其利益相关者间的利益失衡,而调整失衡关系的根本在于改革管理体制.完善制度保障.     

导游人员职业权益维护及其利益表达

我国导游员队伍建设出现的矛盾和问题归根结底在于导游人员职业权益的长期缺位,现实表现在三个方面:一是旅行社企业内、外部及境外同行都存在随意侵害导游人员工作岗位行政许可独占权;二是导游人员劳动报酬权、社会保障权难以保障;三是导游人员学习培训权难以维护.导游人员职业权益维护重在措施落实到位,更在于建立健全导游人员利益表达机制.具体措施主要有加强导游总量控制、旅行社企业等级标准与拥有导游队伍情况密切挂钩、旅游者(团)接待档次与陪同导游等级水平相匹配等;拓宽导游人员利益表达渠道则主要靠政府及其部门、导游群体代言人、工会组织、社会舆论监督、旅行社企业社会责任标准认证和民间团体等社会各个方面共同发挥作用.     

旅行社与导游委托代理模型解析

旅行社和导游之间是典型的委托一代理关系,导游的工作特征使得旅行社对其监督的成本很高,也就是说旅行社很难观测到导游的努力水平.本文根据委托一代理理论.构建经济模型说明,在这种情况下,旅行社与导游不会改变他们之间现有的报酬模式,因为这是一种满足了参与约束与激励相客约束的均衡结果.而旅游行政管理者要做的就是完善现有的导游报酬机制.特别是要通过制度设计与行政手段来解决导游监督、回扣等问题.     

Employee performance outcomes and burnout following the presentation-of-self in customer-service contexts

This study examines how emotional intelligence and occupational commitment have a moderating effect on the relationship between emotional labour and its potential outcomes. Two acting strategies reflect emotional labour, namely surface and deep acting, with burnout and performance as the prospective outcomes. Burnout is operationalized into emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and diminished personal achievement; whereas performance is operationalized into task performance and organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB). The study investigates employee responses from several tourism and hospitality organizations in Florida, USA. The results show that emotional labour relates most positively to task performance and to burnout in the case of surface acting. Tests of moderation show that occupational commitment enhances performance outcomes by facilitating emotional labour strategies, and the prevalence of higher emotional intelligence amongst employees reduces burnout. These findings contribute to the literature on emotional labour by incorporating emotional intelligence and occupational commitment as moderators and by incorporating OCBs within performance analyses.     

Selling Strategies and Shopping Behavior—An Example of Taiwanese Guided Package Tourists to Mainland China Destinations

China has become the most visited destination in the world for international tourists. The number of Taiwanese tourists going to China on guided tours has increased; “shopping” and “optional tours” are the two most controversial consumption experiences for them due to price competition. This study aims to investigate the Taiwanese guided package tourists’ shopping intentions and behavior when traveling in China and also to examine how their shopping behaviors are influenced by sales representatives, local tour guides, and other tour participants. This study found that benefits sought, perceived sympathy, and social acceptance are often used by service providers to persuade tour participants to buy. It is expected that the study can contribute to tourism industry theory, and help the travel industry to improve the quality of guided package tours to China.     

News information and tour guide occupational stigma: Insights from the stereotype content model

This study analyzes the relationship between news information and the occupational stigma (OS) experienced by tour guides using the Stereotype Content Model (SCM) and Behaviors from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes (BIAS) maps. Three experiments were conducted to test the research hypotheses. The empirical results indicated that in competence news information, positive valence news information can significantly reduce the public's perception of tour guide occupational stigma (TGOS). Furthermore, the competence stereotype plays a partially mediating role in the influence of the competence news information valence on TGOS perception. Moreover, contrary to news information from commercial organizations and personal web media, that coming from the government reduces—rather than promotes—the public's perception of occupational competence and warmth, leading to more severe TGOS. This study fills the research gap regarding stigma in tourism and offers suggestions to solve problems related to OS in other industries.     

Testing the proposed “GuidePerf” scale for tourism: performances of tour guides in relation to various tour guiding diplomas

The satisfaction perceived from the performance of tour guides (TGs) affects tour operators and other services in the tourism industry. As the tour guiding performance becomes more crucial in service quality and tourist satisfaction, education also becomes a critical tool to enhance the tour guiding performance. Using semi-structured, face-to-face interviews with seven TGs in Cappadocia/Turkey and employing content analysis of the data, the Tour Guide Performance Scale (GuidePerf) was developed in this particular study. Reliability and validity of GuidePerf were supported by exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The scale was composed of 18 items and three dimensions, namely: “personality and efficiency,” “presentableness,” and “proficiency.” Proceeding to the next step with the approval, the GuidePerf was conducted on the tour participants (TPs) who were guided by three different TG types in terms of the education they had received. The results revealed that there is significance when “presentableness,” and “proficiency” dimensions are considered.     

云南石林景点导游作为景观的旅游建构

文章在人类学田野调查基础上,以云南石林景点导游作为旅游景观的建构为切入点,梳理20世纪80年代以来政府对民族身份、性别在导游准入、导游管理中的认识和变化,以及导游自身的文化展演和符号行为等,以此呈现人、人的景观被规范到自然景现中,从而成为共同旅游景观的这一实践过程,并透过这一过程反映当地人的旅游实践.同时,在中国的文化背景和脉络下,对大众旅游表现出的不同意涵,该个案希望能提供一些有意义的启示.     

导游工作倦怠及其影响因素的调查

本文通过对导游工作倦怠的调查 ,以探讨影响导游工作倦怠的因素 ,以及工作倦怠对导游身心健康和工作满意度的影响。在分析调查结果的基础上 ,提出了降低导游工作倦怠的建议。     

严格导游准入制度与健全导游管理体制的探讨

目前,由于导游准入制度体系存在缺陷,旅游市场管理体制仍待完善,导游整体素质亟待提高等深层次的问题日益凸显。文章主要剖析这一现象的成因,提出严格导游员准入制度,建立健全旅游管理机制及相关法律法规体系,以提高导游整体素质,提升导游服务质量。     

A review and evaluation of China's quality assurance system for tour guiding

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of China's tour guiding quality assurance system as an instrument for sustainable tourism. It notes the importance of China's 131,000 tour guides for inbound, outbound and domestic tourism. China's tour guiding quality assurance and regulatory mechanisms are then reviewed, including qualification examination, licensing, professional certification, training, awards for excellence, professional associations and codes of conduct. Structurally, China's comprehensive and comparatively regulated system may be recommendable to other countries, particularly its certification and licensing systems. However, the findings suggest that tour guide quality assurance in China may be constrained by an over-reliance on government and the absence of industry-driven mechanisms for some elements such as monitoring, enforcement and rewarding excellence. Most importantly, the focus of China's quality assurance system is on a limited number of tour guiding roles and tends to overlook those most critical to harnessing the guide as a vehicle for sustainable tourism. Key future development areas could extend recognition and reward for the guide's performance as a role model, advocate, mentor, interpreter, cultural broker and environmental monitor.     

Examining the Effect of Tour Guide Performance,Tourist Trust,Tourist Satisfaction,and Flow Experience on Tourists' Shopping Behavior

This study contributes to a model describing the effect of tour guide performance on tourist shopping behavior by examining the mediating effects of perceived credibility trust, perceived benevolence trust, and tourist satisfaction as well as the moderating effect of flow experience. Our analysis confirms that tour guide performance has positive effects on perceived credibility trust, perceived benevolence trust, and tourist satisfaction. However, only perceived benevolence trust and tourist satisfaction mediate the relationships between tour guide performance and tourist shopping behavior. Nevertheless, tour guide performance, as evaluated through perceived credibility trust and tourist satisfaction, has the strongest effect on tourist shopping behavior when compared to other routes in the model. In addition, the moderating effect of flow experience is confirmed in the perceived benevolence trust and tourist shopping behavior relationship, but it does not have any effects on other links. In light of our findings, managerial implications are discussed as well.     

导游实践中的跨文化交流

导游员是旅游业的灵魂,在旅游产品转化为旅游消费的过程起着至关重要的作用。由于游客来源与背景等文化差异,这一转化过程受到不同文化因素的制约,而跨文化交流意识的养成与跨文化交流技巧的运用是使这一转化顺利实现必不可少的一种手段。在导游实践中,合理运用跨文化交流知识与技巧,将有助于实现旅游产业的最优化,促进和谐的导游与游客的关系。     

The Impact of Tour Guides’ Physical Attractiveness,Sense of Humor,and Seniority on Guide Attention and Efficiency

In this study, we investigated whether tourists view attractive tour guides as more competent, humorous tour guides as more approachable, and experienced tour guides as more professional, and whether these three factors influence the effectiveness of tour guide interpretation. The results indicated that physical attractiveness and humor had additive effects on interpretation effectiveness when combined. Although some tour guides were not physically attractive, experience provided an additive effect on interpretation effectiveness. Thus, we recommend discarding stereotypes regarding physical attractiveness and improving education and training in humor for tour guides. Experienced tour guides wearing appropriate attire also increases interpretation effectiveness.